Bone Lab 2 Joints assignment

Bone Lab 2 Joints assignment

  1. Label the 5 TYPES of bones. If you can’t write directly on the image, you can tell me what color matches each type of bone. If you are color blind, match the type of bone to the example bone to get the correct answer.
    The lighter red color (humerus) is a long bone, green (carpals) is a short bone, yellow (patella) is a sesamoid bone, magenta pink/purple (sternum) is a flat bone, and blue (thoracic vertebra) is an irregular bone
  2. BRIEFLY, describe each type of bone (see question 1). Long bones: are longer than they are wide and are primarily involved in movement. They vary in length, such as toes being shorter than femurs. Short bones: have nearly equal length and width, giving them a cube-like shape that provides support and stability with limited movement. Flat bones: are thin and provide a surface for muscle attachment, as well as protection for internal organs. Irregular bones: have complex shapes, such as the vertebrae and hip bones, and serve various functions in the body. Sesamoid bones: are special bones embedded in tendons, helping to reduce friction and improve the mechanical advantage of the muscle.

 

  1. Label the 3 TYPES of cartilage. If you can’t write directly on the image, you can tell me what color matches each type of cartilage. If you are color blind, correctly identify one example of each type of cartilage. Cartilage in the external ear and epiglottis are elastic cartilage. The cartilage of the intervertebral disc, public symphysis, and meniscus (padlike cartilage) in the knee joint is fibrocartilage. Cartilage in the nose, articular cartilage of a joint, costal cartilage, respiratory tract cartilages in the lungs, trachea, and larynx are classified as hyaline cartilage.
  2. BRIEFLY, describe the function and location of each type of cartilage (see question 3) Fibrocartilage is tough and resilient, designed to absorb shock and resist compression, making it ideal for weight-bearing areas. It is located in the intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and the meniscus of the knee joint. Hyaline Cartilage provides smooth surfaces for joint movement, flexibility, and support. It is found in the nose, articular cartilage of joints, costal cartilage connecting the ribs to the sternum, and in the respiratory tract cartilages, including those in the lungs, trachea, and larynx. Elastic cartilage provides flexibility and support, making it ideal for areas that require movement. It is found in the external ear and the epiglottis.
  3. BRIEFLY, describe how intramembranous ossification is different from endochondral ossification. How does each process happen, and what bones do they make? intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification are two processes by which bone forms, but they differ in their mechanisms and the types of bones they produce Intramembranous Ossification: This process occurs directly within a fibrous membrane. Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, which then form bone. This type of ossification primarily produces flat bones, such as the skull, clavicles, and some facial bone. Endochondral Ossification: This process involves the replacement of hyaline cartilage with bone. Chondrocytes in the cartilage model undergo hypertrophy and apoptosis, and osteoblasts then invade the area to create bone. Endochondral ossification is responsible for forming long bones, such as the femur, tibia and humerus, as well as most of skeleton.
  4. How are sesamoid bones formed? Sesamoid bones form in tendons due to stress and strain. They start as cartilaginous nodules and turn into bone when tendons are under pressure, often ossifying during puberty.
  5. Why is the balance of osteoblasts to osteoclasts important for bone remodeling and health? The balance of osteoblasts and osteoclasts is important for healthy bones. If osteoblasts are more active, bones get stronger, but if osteoclasts are more active, bones can become weak and break easily.

What are the two ways cartilage grows? Describe briefly appositional Growth: This type occurs at the surface of the cartilage. Chondroblasts in the outer layer of the cartilage secrete Interstitial Growth: This type occurs within the cartilage new matrix, increasing the thickness of the cartilage. Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, which expands the cartilage from within, increasing its size.

  1. Include a picture of compact bone below (microscopic level). You can draw your own, or chose one from the lecture/Visible Body
  2. Include a picture of spongy bone below (microscopic level). You can draw your own or choose one from the lecture/Visible Body.
  3. How can you tell the difference between the pictures you used in 8 and 9? In other words, what features are unique to compact vs spongy bone? Compact bone Compact bone appears dense and solid, while spongy bone lacks the organized structure of osteons and has a network of open spaces, located in the interior of bones.
  4. What’s a growth plate? Why is it important? What bones do you find it in? A growth plate is a cartilage layer at the ends of long bones that allows for growth in length during childhood and adolescence.
  5. Insert a picture of ONE type of cartilage (microscopic level). Which type did you pick?

    Hyaline cartilage

 

 

Extra Credit (1-2 points):

Find me a picture of a skeleton from popular culture. For example, a movie or a TV show (Nightmare Before Christmas, Coco, ect). Tell me one thing that is anatomically CORRECT about this skeleton and one thing that is INCORRECT for two points.

Nightmare before Christmas

Anatomically correct: Jack Skellington has a recognizable cranium and mandible that resemble a human skull, with the distinct lower jaw (mandible) properly separated from and articulated with the skull.

Anatomically incorrect: Jack’s body is very long, with thin limbs that are not proportional to a human femur or humerus, which are normal in length compared to the rest of his skeleton

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