Task: Select one of the two options below and write a personal essay that responds to the questions and quotes.

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Essay 3: Personal Essay — “Kimmerer” (50 pts.) Length: 4-6 pgs. Due Date: Check Canvas

Task: Select one of the two options below and write a personal essay that responds to the questions and quotes.

 

Option One

In “Allegiance to Gratitude,” Kimmerer introduces the Thanksgiving Address used by indigenous people to give thanks to the land. She states that “it is the credo for a culture of gratitude” (115). In fact, throughout the chapter she writes about gratitude and reciprocity:

 

You can’t listen to the Thanksgiving Address without feeling wealthy. And, while expressing gratitude seems innocent enough, it is a revolutionary idea. In a consumer society, contentment is a radical proposition. Recognizing abundance rather than scarcity undermines an economy that thrives by creating unmet desires. Gratitude cultivates an ethic of fullness, but the economy needs emptiness. The Thanksgiving Address reminds you that you already have everything you need. Gratitude doesn’t send you out shopping to find satisfaction; it comes as a gift rather than a commodity, subverting the foundation of the whole economy (33-34).

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Cultures of gratitude must also be cultures of reciprocity. Each person, human or no, is bound to every other in a reciprocal relationship. Just as all beings have a duty to me, I have a duty to them. If an animal gives its life to feed me, I am in turn bound to support its life. If I receive a stream’s gift of

pure water, then I am responsible for returning a gift in kind. An integral part of a human’s education is to know those duties and how to perform them (36-37).

 

How can having an outlook of gratitude and reciprocity change one’s view of one’s relationship with the world and its, to quote Emerson, “natural objects?” How is the American Pledge of Allegiance different from the Thanksgiving Address?

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Option Two

What exactly is, according to Kimmerer, a grammar of animacy? What does it mean to see the animacy of the world and use a language that perceives it as such? How would such a perspective change our / your understanding of the world we live in? What are your thoughts about the following words: “Maybe a grammar of animacy could lead us to whole new ways of living in the world, other species a sovereign people, a world with a democracy of species, not a tyranny of one— with moral responsibility to water and wolves, and with a legal system that recognizes the standing of other species [; it’s] all in the pronouns” (40)? How can adapting a grammar of animacy offer us a fuller understanding of the world we live in (and, to quote Emerson, the “natural objects” that we can share a “kindred impression” with if our minds are open to their influence)? What does she mean by it’s “all in the pronouns”?

Because this is a personal essay, you do not need a formal introduction or conclusion, nor should you include a traditional thesis statement, but you do need to craft an organized narrative that addresses these questions in a personal way– and that narrative needs to lead to your final insights and answers. You can consider the following outline if you think it would help you to organize your writing.

1. Begin by introducing your reader to the fact that you are considering these questions (introduce us to the title, the author, a brief and general summary of what the chapter is about and then the nature of the questions). I would like you to frame your discussion around a story (for example going for a walk and thinking about these things—or visiting a specific place). A personal essay is both formal and creative. The story helps the reader to better understand the nature of why you are pursuing answers to this question (something much more interesting and valuable than the reality that I told you to address these questions).

2. In order to offer your very personal views about these questions, discuss and analyze some of the key passages in the chapter. Make sure that you specifically analyze and explain those passages before you discuss your views on them. As with the analysis essays you have already written, do not state that Kimmerer says anything she does not actually say.

3. For the final paragraph, take everything you have discussed and analyzed and come to a final insight about your views.

Note: This is not a formal essay; however, you still need to pay attention to your writing and make sure that you organize your narrative carefully. You are allowed, for this essay, to use “I” or “you.”

 

 MLA Formatting:

1. In your introductory paragraph, refer to the title of the book Braiding Sweetgrass: Indigenous Wisdom, Scientific Knowledge, and the Teachings of Plants and the author’s full name (Robin Wall Kimmerer). Make it clear that the “essay” you are writing about is a chapter from that book. Example

 

 

25 | P a g e

 

· In “Allegiance to Gratitude,” from her book Braiding Sweetgrass: Indigenous Wisdom, Scientific Knowledge, and the Teachings of Plants, Robin Wall Kimmerer writes about the importance of gratitude and reciprocity.

2. For the rest of the essay, use the author’s last name (Kimmerer). Do not repeat her full name again.

3. Once you have mentioned the title, do not mention it again. Do not write “in the essay.” We will know that you are discussing the essay.

4. For in-text citations / quotations, use the page number from the course reader. You do not need to mention the author’s last name in the citation because once you have introduced us to the title and the author’s name, we will know that you are only quoting that source because your task is to analyze that essay and that essay only.

5. Provide a works cited page. Here is the correctly formatted bibliographical citation. Pay attention to the italicized title of the course reader.

 

Kimmerer, Robin Wall. “Allegiance to Gratitude.” English 1A Course Reader. Edited by Nathan Wirth, Nathan’s Mind, Inc. 2019

 

Kimmerer, Robin Wall. “Learning the Grammar of Animacy.” English 1A Course Reader. Edited by Nathan Wirth, Nathan’s Mind, Inc. 2019

 

 Checklist

 Make sure your sentences are focused and that you take the time to effectively combine sentences using coordination and subordination. Make sure that you are taking advantage of adjective clauses and noun phrase appositives.

 Make sure you meaningfully and effectively use coordinators, subordinators, conjunctive adverbs and transitional expressions to provide, where appropriate, clear transitions between your ideas.

 Make sure you provide meaningful and relevant context for your quotations, paraphrasing, and summaries. Be sure you also provide (a) relevant explanations of them and (b) specific analysis.

 Do not use “I” or “you.”

 

 Final Draft: Upload your final draft to Canvas. Check the course schedule for due dates and the upload link.

 Process Letter: You must also include a process letter, in which you write about your writing process for the essay. Please make this the first page of your document (and it does not count as one of the required pages). You can find a sample process letter in this course reader.

 Formatting: Check the formatting requirements in this course reader before you upload your essay.

 

 

Haudenosaunee Thanksgiving Address Greetings to the Natural World

Pronounced: HO DEN OH SAW NEE

 

The People

Today we have gathered and we see that the cycles of life continue. We have been given the duty to live in balance and harmony with each other and all living things. So now, we bring our minds together as one as we give greetings and thanks to each other as people.

 

Now our minds are one.

 

The Earth Mother

We are all thankful to our Mother, the Earth, for she gives us all that we need for life. She supports our feet as we walk about upon her. It gives us joy that she continues to care for us as she has from the beginning of time. To our mother, we send greetings and thanks.

 

Now our minds are one.

 

The Waters

We give thanks to all the waters of the world for quenching our thirst and providing us with strength. Water is life. We know its power in many forms- waterfalls and rain, mists and streams, rivers and oceans. With one mind, we send greetings and thanks to the spirit of Water.

 

Now our minds are one.

 

The Fish

We turn our minds to the all the Fish life in the water. They were instructed to cleanse and purify the water. They also give themselves to us as food. We are grateful that we can still find pure water. So, we turn now to the Fish and send our greetings and thanks.

 

Now our minds are one.

 

The Plants

Now we turn toward the vast fields of Plant life. As far as the eye can see, the Plants grow, working many wonders. They sustain many life forms. With our minds gathered together, we give thanks and look forward to seeing Plant life for many generations to come.

 

Now our minds are one.

The Food Plants

With one mind, we turn to honor and thank all the Food Plants we harvest from the garden. Since the beginning of time, the grains, vegetables, beans and berries have helped the people survive. Many other living things draw strength from them too. We gather all the Plant Foods together as one and send them a greeting of thanks.

 

Now our minds are one.

 

The Medicine Herbs

Now we turn to all the Medicine herbs of the world. From the beginning they were instructed to take away sickness. They are always waiting and ready to heal us. We are happy there are still among us those special few who remember how to use these plants for healing. With one mind, we send

 

greetings and thanks to the Medicines and to the keepers of the Medicines. Now our minds are one.

The Animals

We gather our minds together to send greetings and thanks to all the Animal life in the world. They have many things to teach us as people. We are honored by them when they give up their lives so we may use their bodies as food for our people. We see them near our homes and in the deep forests.

We are glad they are still here and we hope that it will always be so. Now our minds are one

The Trees

We now turn our thoughts to the Trees. The Earth has many families of Trees who have their own instructions and uses. Some provide us with shelter and shade, others with fruit, beauty and other useful things. Many people of the world use a Tree as a symbol of peace and strength. With one mind, we greet and thank the Tree life.

 

Now our minds are one.

 

The Birds

We put our minds together as one and thank all the Birds who move and fly about over our heads. The Creator gave them beautiful songs. Each day they remind us to enjoy and appreciate life. The Eagle was chosen to be their leader. To all the Birds-from the smallest to the largest-we send our joyful greetings and thanks.

 

Now our minds are one.

 

The Four Winds

We are all thankful to the powers we know as the Four Winds. We hear their voices in the moving air as they refresh us and purify the air we breathe. They help us to bring the change of seasons. From the four directions they come, bringing us messages and giving us strength. With one mind, we send our greetings and thanks to the Four Winds.

 

Now our minds are one.

The Thunderers

Now we turn to the west where our grandfathers, the Thunder Beings, live. With lightning and thundering voices, they bring with them the water that renews life. We are thankful that they keep those evil things made by Okwiseres underground. We bring our minds together as one to send greetings and thanks to our Grandfathers, the Thunderers.

 

Now our minds are one.

 

The Sun

We now send greetings and thanks to our eldest Brother, the Sun. Each day without fail he travels the sky from east to west, bringing the light of a new day. He is the source of all the fires of life. With one mind, we send greetings and thanks to our Brother, the Sun.

 

Now our minds are one.

 

Grandmother Moon

We put our minds together to give thanks to our oldest Grandmother, the Moon, who lights the

 

night-time sky. She is the leader of woman all over the world, and she governs the movement of the ocean tides. By her changing face we measure time, and it is the Moon who watches over the arrival of children here on Earth. With one mind, we send greetings and thanks to our Grandmother, the Moon.

 

Now our minds are one.

 

The Stars

We give thanks to the Stars who are spread across the sky like jewelry. We see them in the night, helping the Moon to light the darkness and bringing dew to the gardens and growing things. When we travel at night, they guide us home. With our minds gathered together as one, we send greetings and thanks to the Stars.

 

Now our minds are one.

 

The Enlightened Teachers

We gather our minds to greet and thank the enlightened Teachers who have come to help throughout the ages. When we forget how to live in harmony, they remind us of the way we were instructed to live as people. With one mind, we send greetings and thanks to these caring teachers.

 

Now our minds are one.

 

The Creator

Now we turn our thoughts to the Creator, or Great Spirit, and send greetings and thanks for all the gifts of Creation. Everything we need to live a good life is here on this Mother Earth. For all the love that is still around us, we gather our minds together as one and send our choicest words of greetings and thanks to the Creator.

 

Now our minds are one.

Closing Words

We have now arrived at the place where we end our words. Of all the things we have named, it was not our intention to leave anything out. If something was forgotten, we leave it to each individual to send such greetings and thanks in their own way.

 

Now our minds are one.

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This translation of the Mohawk version of the Haudenosaunee Thanksgiving Address was developed, published in 1993, and provided, courtesy of: Six Nations Indian Museum and the Tracking Project All rights reserved.

 

Thanksgiving Address: Greetings to the Natural World English version: John Stokes and Kanawahienton (David Benedict, Turtle Clan/Mohawk) Mohawk version: Rokwaho (Dan Thompson, Wolf Clan/Mohawk) Original inspiration: Tekaronianekon (Jake Swamp, Wolf Clan/Mohawk)

 

The Pledge of Allegiance

 

 

Original 1892 Pledge of Allegiance: I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.

 

 

Note: Written in August 1892 by the socialist minister Francis Bellamy [1855-1931]. Bellamy had hoped that the pledge would be used by citizens in any country.

 

 

 

 

1923 Version: I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.

 

 

Note: At this time, the words, “the Flag of the United States of America” were added

 

 

 

 

1954 Version: I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.

 

 

Note: In 1954, in response to the Communist threat, President Eisenhower encouraged Congress to add the words “under God.” Bellamy’s daughter objected to this alteration.

 

Allegiance to Gratitude by Robin Wall Kimmerer

(from her book: Braiding Sweetgrass: Indigenous Wisdom, Scientific Knowledge, and the Teachings of Plants)

 

There was a time, not so long ago, when my morning ritual was to rise before dawn and start the oatmeal and coffee before waking the girls. Then I would get them up to feed the horses before school. That done, I would pack lunches, find lost papers, and kiss pink cheeks as the school bus chugged up the hill, all before filling bowls for the cats and dog, finding something presentable to wear, and previewing my morning lecture as I drove to school. Reflection was not a word frequently on my mind those days.

But on Thursdays, I didn’t have a morning class and could linger a little, so I would walk the pasture to the top of the hill to start the day properly, with birdsong and shoes soaked in dew and the

clouds still pink with sunrise over the barn, a down payment on a debt of gratitude. One Thursday I was distracted from the robins and new leaves by a call I received from my sixth-grade daughter’s teacher the night before.

Apparently, my daughter had begun refusing to stand with the class for the Pledge of Allegiance. The teacher assured me she wasn’t being disruptive, really, or misbehaving, but just sat quietly in her seat and wouldn’t join in. After a couple of days other students began following suit, so the teacher was calling “just because I thought you’d like to know.”

I remember how that ritual used to begin my day, too, from kindergarten through high school. Like the tap of the conductor’s baton, it gathered our attention from the hubbub of the school bus and the jostling hallway. We would be shuffling our chairs and putting lunch boxes away in the cubbies when the loudspeaker grabbed us by the collar. We stood beside our desks facing the flag that hung on a stick at the corner of the blackboard, as ubiquitous as the smell of floor wax and school paste.

Hand over heart, we recited the Pledge of Allegiance. The pledge was a puzzlement to me, as I’m sure it is to most students. I had no earthly idea what a republic even was, and was none too sure about God, either. And you didn’t have to be an eight-year-old Indian to know that “liberty and justice for all” was a questionable premise.

But during school assemblies, when three hundred voices all joined together, all those voices, in measured cadence, from the gray-haired school nurse’s to the kindergarteners’, made me feel part of something. It was as if for a moment our minds were one. I could imagine then that if we all spoke for that elusive justice, it might be within our reach.

From where I stand today, though, the idea of asking schoolchildren to pledge loyalty to a political system seems exceedingly curious. Especially since we know full well that the practice of recitation will largely be abandoned in adulthood, when the age of reason has presumably been attained. Apparently my daughter had reached that age and I was not about to interfere. “Mom, I’m not going to stand there and lie,” she explained. “And it’s not exactly liberty if they force you to say it, is it?”

She knew different morning rituals, her grandfather’s pouring of coffee on the ground and the one I carried out on the hill above our house, and that was enough for me. The sunrise ceremony is our Potawatomi way of sending gratitude into the world, to recognize all that we are given and to offer our choicest thanks in return. Many Native peoples across the world, despite myriad cultural differences, have this in common—we are rooted in cultures of

gratitude.

Our old farm is within the ancestral homelands of the Onondaga Nation and their reserve lies a few ridges to the west of my hilltop. There, just like on my side of the ridge, school buses discharge a herd of kids who run even after the bus monitors bark “Walk!” But at Onondaga, the flag flying outside the entrance is purple and white, depicting the Hiawatha wampum belt, the symbol of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. With bright backpacks too big for their little shoulders, the kids stream in through doors painted the traditional Haudenosaunee purple, under the words Nya wenhah Ska: nonh a greeting of health and peace. Black-haired children run circles around the atrium, through sun shafts, over clan symbols etched on the slate floor.

Here the school week begins and ends not with the Pledge of Allegiance, but with the Thanksgiving Address, a river of words as old as the people themselves, known more accurately in the Onondaga language as the Words That Come Before All Else. This ancient order of protocol sets gratitude as the highest priority. The gratitude is directed straight to the ones who share their gifts with the world.

All the classes stand together in the atrium, and one grade each week has responsibility for the oratory. Together, in a language older than English, they begin the recitation. It is said that the people were instructed to stand and offer these words whenever they gathered, no matter how many or how few, before anything else was done. In this ritual, their teachers remind them that every day, “beginning with where our feet first touch the earth, we send greetings and thanks to all members of the natural world.”

Today it is the third grade’s turn. There are only eleven of them and they do their best to start together, giggling a little, and nudging the ones who just stare at the floor. Their little faces are screwed

 

up with concentration and they glance at their teacher for prompts when they stumble on the words. In their own language they say the words they’ve heard nearly every day of their lives.

 

Today we have gathered and when we look upon the faces around us we see that the cycles of life continue. We have been given the duty to live in balance and harmony with each other and all living things. So now let us bring our minds together as one as we give greetings and thanks to each other as People. Now our minds are one. 10

 

There is a pause and the kids murmur their assent.

 

We are thankful to our Mother the Earth, for she gives us everything that we need for life. She supports our feet as we walk about upon her. It gives us joy that she still continues to care for us, just as she has from the beginning of time. To our Mother, we send thanksgiving, love, and respect. Now our minds are one.

 

The kids sit remarkably still, listening. You can tell they’ve been raised in the longhouse.

The Pledge has no place here. Onondaga is sovereign territory, surrounded on every side by the Republicforwhichitstands, but outside the jurisdiction of the United States. Starting the day with the Thanksgiving Address is a statement of identity and an exercise of sovereignty, both political and cultural. And so much more.

The Address is sometimes mistakenly viewed as a prayer, but the children’s heads are not bowed. The elders at Onondaga teach otherwise, that the Address is far more than a pledge, a prayer, or a poem alone.

Two little girls step forward with arms linked and take up the words again:

 

We give thanks to all of the waters of the world for quenching our thirst, for providing strength and nurturing life for all beings. We know its power in many forms—waterfalls and rain, mists and streams, rivers and oceans, snow and ice. We are grateful that the waters are still here and meeting their responsibility to the rest of Creation. Can we agree that water is important to our lives and bring our minds together as one to send greetings and thanks to the Water? Now our minds are one.

 

I’m told that the Thanksgiving Address is at heart an invocation of gratitude, but it is also a material, scientific inventory of the natural world. Another name for the oration is Greetings and Thanks to the Natural World. As it goes forward, each element of the ecosystem is named in its turn, along with its function. It is a lesson in Native science.

 

We turn our thoughts to all of the Fish life in the water. They were instructed to cleanse and purify the water. They also give themselves to us as food. We are grateful that they continue to do their duties and we send to the Fish our greetings and our thanks. Now our minds are one.

Now we turn toward the vast fields of Plant life. As far as the eye can see, the Plants grow, working many wonders. They sustain many life forms. With our minds gathered together, we give thanks and look forward to seeing Plant life for many generations to come. Now our minds are one.

When we look about us, we see that the berries are still here, providing us with delicious foods. The leader of the berries is the strawberry, the first to ripen in the spring. Can we agree that we are grateful that the berries are with us in the world and send our thanksgiving, love, and respect to the berries? Now our minds are one.

 

 

10 *The actual wording of the Thanksgiving Address varies with the speaker. This text is the widely publicized version of John Stokes and Kanawahientun, 1993.

 

I wonder if there are kids here who, like my daughter, rebel, who refuse to stand and say thank you to the earth. It seems hard to argue with gratitude for berries.

 

With one mind, we honor and thank all the Food Plants we harvest from the garden, especially the Three Sisters who feed the people with such abundance. Since the beginning of time, the grains, vegetables, beans, and fruit have helped the people survive. Many other living things draw strength from them as well. We gather together in our minds all the plant foods and send them a greeting and thanks. Now our minds are one.

 

The kids take note of each addition and nod in agreement. Especially for food. A little boy in a Red Hawks lacrosse shirt steps forward to speak:

 

Now we turn to the Medicine Herbs of the world. From the beginning they were instructed to take away sickness. They are always waiting and ready to heal us. We are so happy that there are still among us those special few who remember how to use the plants for healing. With one mind, we send thanksgiving, love, and respect to the Medicines and the keepers of the Medicines. Now our minds are one.

Standing around us we see all the Trees. The Earth has many families of Trees who each have their own instructions and uses. Some provide shelter and shade, others fruit and beauty and many useful gifts. The Maple is the leader of the trees, to recognize its gift of sugar when the People need it most. Many peoples of the world recognize a Tree as a symbol of peace and strength. With one mind we greet and thank the Tree life. Now our minds are one.

 

The Address is, by its very nature of greetings to all who sustain us, long. But it can be done in abbreviated form or in long and loving detail. At the school, it is tailored to the language skills of the children speaking it.

Part of its power surely rests in the length of time it takes to send greetings and thanks to so many. The listeners reciprocate the gift of the speaker’s words with their attention, and by putting their minds into the place where gathered minds meet. You could be passive and just let the words and the time flow by, but each call asks for the response: “Now our minds are one.” You have to concentrate; you have to give yourself to the listening. It takes effort, especially in a time when we are accustomed to sound bites and immediate gratification.

When the long version is done at joint meetings with non-Native business or government officials, they often get a little fidgety— especially the lawyers. They want to get on with it, their eyes darting around the room, trying so hard not to look at their watches. My own students profess to cherish the opportunity to share this experience of the Thanksgiving Address, and yet it never fails that one or a few comment that it goes on too long. “Poor you,” I sympathize. “What a pity that we have so much to be thankful for.”

 

We gather our minds together to send our greetings and thanks to all the beautiful animal life of the world, who walk about with us. They have many things to teach us as people. We are grateful that they continue to share their lives with us and hope that it will always be so. Let us put our minds together as one and send our thanks to the Animals. Now our minds are one.

 

Imagine raising children in a culture in which gratitude is the first priority. Freida Jacques works at the Onondaga Nation School. She is a clan mother, the school-community liaison, and a generous

teacher. She explains to me that the Thanksgiving Address embodies the Onondaga relationship with the world. Each part of Creation is thanked in turn for fulfilling its Creator-given duty to the others. “It reminds you every day that you have enough,” she says. “More than enough. Everything needed to sustain life is already here. When we do this, every day, it leads us to an outlook of contentment and respect for all of Creation.”

Case Study on Moral Status

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Part One: What It Means to Be Human

Based on the topic study material, complete the “Personhood Chart” about personhood, human dignity, and moral status according to the Christian worldview and another worldview.

Part Two: Case Study on Moral Status

Based on the topic study material, write a 500-750-word analysis of “Case Study: Fetal Abnormality.” Be sure to address the following questions:

  1. Which theory or theories are being used by Jessica, Marco, Maria, and Dr. Wilson to determine the moral status of the fetus? Explain.
  2. How does the theory influence each of their recommendation for action?
  3. What theory do you agree with? How would that theory influence your recommendation for action?
  4. How will the concepts of personhood, human dignity, and moral status inform your philosophy of health care and wellness?

Remember to support your responses with the topic study materials.

Submit both Part One and Part Two at the same time in LoudCloud.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

English 1A Essay Help, Analysis Article

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This essay requirements is on the bottom file, with 16 pages. First page is the essay Introduction and topic choose, the articles that need to be analyzed in this essay from 30 pages to 40 pages. And i need 5 pages with my essay, must be include process letter.

200-300 words answer for dental school application

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200-300 words answer for dental school application

My experiences are:

-offshore volunteer work (in Pakistan) for underprivileged communities.

-As a dental assistant/office manager serving patients from different cultural and financial backgrounds

-working with non-profit organizations like food bank ( appreciate being able to afford food)

Touchstone 2.2: Create an Annotated Bibliography

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Touchstone 2.2: Create an Annotated Bibliography

ASSIGNMENT: Using your research question, working thesis, and outline from Touchstone 1.2, create an annotated bibliography that provides a synopsis of your sources and an explanation of how you will use them.
As this assignment builds on Touchstone 1.2: Write a Research Question, Thesis, and Outline, that Touchstone must be graded before you can submit your annotated bibliography.

A. Assignment Guidelines

DIRECTIONS: Refer to the list below throughout the writing process. Do not submit your Touchstone until it meets these guidelines.

1. Annotated Bibliography

Make sure to:

❒ Alphabetize the entries, according to APA style.

❒ Include the required bibliographic information in APA format for each entry.

❒ Include 3-4 sentences for each entry that provide a short summary of the source and how you plan to use it to support your argument.

❒ Include at least seven entries in your annotated bibliography, all of which must be credible, academic sources.

❒ Choose your own sources, but use no more than three websites (there is no limit on the number of online journals used).

❒ Thoroughly check the formatting requirements for the different source types.

❒ Indicate the required sources (book, peer-reviewed journal, newspaper/magazine, and credible website) by including the source type in parentheses after the relevant entry.

2. Reflection

❒ Have you displayed a clear understanding of the research activities?

❒ Have you answered all reflection questions thoughtfully and included insights, observations, and/or examples in all responses?

❒ Are your answers included on a separate page below the main assignment?

 

B. Reflection Questions

DIRECTIONS: Below your assignment, include answers to all of the following reflection questions.

1. Accurately recording bibliographic information is essential and saves you time, as you can transfer this information to the References page of your drafted essay. Each source entry should include a brief summary of the source as well as 3-4 sentences describing how you intend to use that source to build or support your argument. Discuss how your annotated bibliography meets these criteria. (2-3 sentences)

2. Which strategies were most helpful for you when searching for credible sources? (2-3 sentences)

3. What difficulties did you face while searching for credible sources? How did you overcome these difficulties? (2-3 sentences)

D. Requirements

The following requirements must be met for your submission to be graded:

· Double-space the bibliography entries and use one-inch margins.

· Use a readable 12-point font.

· All writing must be appropriate for an academic context.

· Composition must be original and written for this assignment.

· Plagiarism of any kind is strictly prohibited.

· Submission must include your name, the name of the course, the date, and the title of your composition.

· Submission must include your reflection questions.

· Include all of the assignment components in a single file.

· Acceptable file formats include .doc and .docx.

· Your research question, thesis, and outline must be graded before your annotated bibliography will be accepted.

Running head: Wrongful Conviction and Death Sentence in US 1

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Running head: Wrongful Conviction and Death Sentence in US 1

Wrongful Conviction and Death Sentence in US 5

 

Touchstone 1.2

 

Strayer University

 

English Composition II

 

 

06/14/2020

 

Introduction

History/Background

Ending the life of a human legally as punishment has been practiced in the United States for centuries. Influenced by Britain more than any other country, European travelers brought it with them when they stepped foot in the new world. The first-ever execution was carried out in 1608 in the colony of Jamestown located in Virginia and was carried out on the infamous Captain George Kendall; he was convicted of spying for Spain. (Death Penalty Information Center, 2020).

Currently, the United States of America is one of 55 countries that still retain capital punishment. Inside, 28 states, federal government, and the military are currently practicing this form of punishment. Since 1977, approximately 7800 defendants have been given the death sentence, 1500 of which are already executed. Out of these 1500 people, 165 were executed before their official execution date. Two thousand six hundred fifty-six prisoners are still on death row as of December 17, 2019 (Capital Punishment in the US, 2019) (Center, 2019).

Wrongful Convictions and Death Sentence in the US today

There are five methods for executing a prisoner; these include death by; hanging, firing squad, lethal injection and electric chair, and gas chamber. In all five methods, mishaps have been reported more than once. From the head of one prisoner catching fire on the electric chair to another prisoner struggling for more than 30 minutes because of the wrong combination of drugs in the lethal injection, these mishaps are reported by the police officers as well as the journalists and the family member of prisoners and victims who witnessed the execution. In some cases, prisoners were given a death sentence purely because of a lack of evidence or identification of the wrong man by eyewitnesses. There are also cases where crime scenes are made up to hide the real culprit and let someone else suffer. Not all people on death row are guilty, but sadly in most cases, their innocence is proven after their death, which is of no good to anyone. (Prison Fellowship, 2020)

There is a difference of opinion amongst the American people about killing a helpless human legally and the ways that process is carried out. For some, such prisoners are a threat to everyone, and this threat should be eliminated. But for others, no matter what the criminal has done, he or she is still a living human being. The person should be punished, but no one should have the right to decide on how long one must live. They have done horrible things, but they do have a wife, a child, a mother, a father, all law-abiding innocent citizens of this country. What have they done to experience a planned killing of one of their own? The punishment of never getting out of jail for the rest of their life is more than enough for death row inmates, but they should have the right to live out their natural life.

Research Question and Thesis Statement

With many different opinions amongst the American people, mishaps in the execution processes, and six states getting rid of the death penalty, one may ask, “Is death penalty appropriate as the final form of punishment for criminals in the United States.”

With many protests by the people, errors in the execution processes, and violation of human rights, the issue of the death penalty has become a subject of debates in various intellectuals and political arenas. Proponents of the death penalty argue that maintaining this type of punishment reduces the crime rate in the country, while opponents of capital punishment strongly disagree. The questions that this study will address are; Is the death penalty appropriate as the final form of punishment for criminals in the United States? Does it help in decreasing the crime rate? What mechanisms can be put in place to ensure that the accused are not convicted of a crime they never committed? Why should the government have the right to decide who should die and when? Especially with such procedures that have gone wrong countless times and have brought great suffering and struggle to the person being executed.

Hypothesis

Statistics show that crimes in the United States continue to be rampant in most states. The easy access to guns may be a factor that contributes to keeping the crime rate higher than most developed countries in the world, including Canada and European countries . This research intends to show that the death penalty is not the ultimate solution even for the worst of crimes. It brings pain and suffering not only to the prisoner who is found guilty even when there is a chance that he or she is not but also to his/her family. On top of that, there is no proof that this brings a lifelong relief to the victim’s family as well. The methods used can go horribly wrong, and the witnesses of the execution also have a negative physiological effect. Apart from that, this research also shows that how life sentence is the best alternate for the death penalty, not only for those who oppose the concept of execution but also for those who believe that a prisoner should suffer in the worst way possible.

Discussion

Wrongful Convictions

As mentioned prior, many people are convicted in the United States for the crimes they never did. About 4% of the death row inmates are accused of a crime that they never committed. But once the decision is read, the person convicted has no choice but to either accept his fate or go for the appeal. There are many reasons as to why a person is labeled ‘guilty of the crime’ that he or she never committed. Above all is the judicial system within the free world. There are eleven major steps of the federal process regarding crime within the US as stated by the United States department of justice (United States Department Of Justice, 2020). The mere first step of this process can easily be subjected to an attempt of a wrongful accusation both willingly and due to lack of evidence. Not much attention is also given to the statement of the witnesses as to whether they are telling the truth or not. This has happened many times before, and many prisoners were wrongfully accused due to improper investigation or lack of evidence. Among many cases, there is one case that wraps up most of the steps that can easily be taken to accuse someone of a crime that he never committed.

Example

Angel Diaz was a 55-year-old Puerto Rican convict who was  executed using  lethal injection by the  State of Florida. His execution was one of the severe miscarriages of justice because not only was he was innocent of the accused crime but also because his execution went wrong, and he ended up struggling for 36 long minutes before being pronounced dead (AMERICAN MURDERER, 2015). He was accused of the murder of Joseph Nagy. Joseph Nagy was the manager at Velvet Swing Lounge when Diaz and two of his friends, Angel Toro, and another yet-unidentified man, went there for robbery. During the robbery, one of the robbers shot Joseph. No witnesses were there to confirm as to which one killed Joseph as everyone was locked in the bathroom by the robbers. The case unsolved for almost half a decade, after which Diaz’s informed the police that he was the one who shot Nagy. Diaz would go on to represent himself in the court despite his bad English, which placed him in a position of major disadvantage. Later, another prisoner (who didn’t understand Spanish) told police that Diaz (who spoke only Spanish) had confessed in jail that he shot the manager. Without any witnesses or evidence, Diaz was sentenced to death in 1986 by an 8-4 jury vote. He was executed by lethal injection on December 13, 2006 (Murderpedia, 2020). Angel Diaz’s last words, as translated, were’ “you know I’m innocent, I know I am innocent, God knows I am innocent.” (RON WORD, December 13, 2006).

This is just one of the many cases where people were either executed or were put behind bars for almost half of their life for the crimes they never committed, just because of a lack of evidence, improper investigation, and lying witnesses.

Death Sentence

Despite being a common practice now in the US, killing someone, legally or in an illegal manner, is not a pleasant thing to do as well as to witness. It is disturbing to watch, hard for the executioner to conduct, and extremely painful for the victim. This practice is so cruel that even the doctors have refused to carry out the process as it is against their code of conduct. Because of this, there is an assistant or a nurse in the room where the execution takes place, and it’s his/her job to carry out the process. The doctor will only come to confirm the death, and this is the main reason why many executions go wrong. Something is bound to happen when an unskilled, nonprofessional assistant will do the job, which can only be done by a professional correctly. This is compulsory in death by lethal injection as it is the form of execution where a person can be left paralyzed. In all other methods, the inmate eventually dies even if the process goes wrong.

Example

The earlier case discussed of Angel Diaz is not only an example of how an innocent can be killed by the state but also of how much wrong execution can go. His execution is the one that will be remembered for a long time for all the wrong reasons. Diaz was killed by the method of lethal injection. Three drugs were used on him, which included; pancuronium bromide, potassium chloride, and pentobarbital. The first injection went directly through his vein and into the tissue below. It was then forcefully pumped into the tissue, which was then slowly absorbed by the body with agonizing pain. Moreover, pancuronium bromide is extremely acidic and needs to be dissolved before use, but this was not done in the case of this innocent victim, further increasing the pain. The second drug, potassium chloride, is used to stop all voluntary movement but doesn’t stop the heart. Strong anesthesia should be given before the use of this, which was not given to Diaz, due to which he began suffocating. This drug was also inserted in his tissue rather than the vein. At the time when he should be unconscious, the man was struggling with extreme pain and also gasping for air. Then the third drug, pentobarbital, was injected, which should have stopped the heart immediately, but as every other drug was absorbed slowly through tissue rather than the vein, Diaz did not die immediately. He was feeling extreme pain and a burning sensation throughout his body while being half-paralyzed and struggling excessively. It took 34 to 36 minutes for him to be pronounced dead (AMERICAN MURDERER, 2015). Witnesses say that it was very disturbing to watch.

Reasons to eliminate death sentence

Apart from the brutal ways of execution, killing a human being is never a good idea. It, not just a moral issue for people as to, should a person be killed or not because of the crimes one committed. There are many other reasons to eliminate this cruel practice. On top of all, it is no visible proof that this practice deters people from committing a crime. Other than that, reasons also include the lengths of time for which the person is kept behind bars before is life ends. In California, for example, it takes a minimum of 26 years between a death sentence and the actual execution. This state has executed very few people; in fact, most people awaiting a death sentence die a natural death due to old age. Another thing is the expanse, killing someone systematically, is not an easy task. It is estimated that killing people legally has caused more than a billion US dollars to the American taxpayers in a period of just five years (Masaki Ichinose, 2017).

Public’s Point of View

When it comes to interviewing the general population, most people do not agree with killing a prisoner, in their opinion, “he is a human being first, then a prisoner and no human deserves to die like that.” People think that everyone deserves to live; they may be confined in a certain space but not be killed. They have families, friends, wives, children, and mothers. Those people have done nothing wrong to suffer the loss of their loved ones. And if an innocent person is executed, then this is the biggest miscarriage of justice ever. Every single person involved in processes of bringing an innocent to his/her coffin should also be punished. And the families of such people must be given huge compensation. Of course, money won’t bring back their loved one, but it can give some kind of relief to them if any. This is the least that the US government should do as it is responsible for the preservation of the rights of every single tax-paying, law-abiding American, and it has failed to do what it was supposed to do.

On the other hand, there are people who appreciate the death penalty. Their argument is that if a person had no remorse for the person that is killed, then there should be no mercy for that individual. These people are a threat to society, and this threat should be eliminated. US government protects the rights of every single American, not just the ones in jail. If the lives of people are in danger because of someone, then that individual should be executed. But on the point of life sentence versus the death penalty, then these people split into 50 50. If we further add the fact that the ones in jail won’t see the outside world for rest of their lives, they will spend years thinking what have they done every day and will die their natural death, wishing they could turn back time and go on to live a normal life, they won’t ever see their children grow up, they will never spend another day in their own house with their own family, then most people who at first supported the death penalty turn their opinion in favor of life in a sentence as it turns out to be even crueler than the death sentence.

Conclusion:

Death penalty and wrongful convictions are two problems that are of great importance, but unfortunately, they are not much addressed in this country, which affects not only the prisoners but most of all their families who pay their taxes regularly and are law-abiding citizens of this country. If the voice regarding these issues is not raised today, then countless people will suffer in decades to come just like countless people suffered before, and there will be many more innocent people thrown in jail for the crimes they never committed.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bibliography AMERICAN MURDERER. (2015). ÁNGEL NIEVES DÍAZ. Retrieved from https://peoplepill.com/people/angel-nieves-diaz/ Capital Punishment in the US. (2019). Capital Punishment in the US. Capital punishment in the United States. Retrieved from https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/facts-and-research/sentencing-data/death-sentences-in-the-united-states-from-1977-by-state-and-by-year, http://p2.smu.edu/rhalperi/summary.html, https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/20/us/marion-wilson-execution-georgia/index.html Center, D. P. (2019). Death Penalty, Year-End Report. Retrieved from https://files.deathpenaltyinfo.org/reports/year-end/YearEndReport2019.pdf Death Penalty Information Center. (2020). History of Death Penalty. Early Death Penalty Laws. Retrieved from https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/facts-and-research/history-of-the-death-penalty/early-history-of-the-death-penalty Masaki Ichinose. (2017). Death Penalty Debate. Retrieved from https://philpapers.org/archive/ICHTDP.pdf Murderpedia. (2020). Ángel Nieves Díaz. Retrieved from https://murderpedia.org/male.D/d1/diaz-angel-nieves.htm Prison Fellowship. (2020). WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS. Hundreds of people have spent time in prison for crimes they did not commit. Retrieved from https://www.prisonfellowship.org/resources/advocacy/sentencing/wrongful-convictions-2/?mwm_id=295767862212&sc=PGNWAAG190104012&sc=PGNWAAG190104012&gclid=CjwKCAjw1cX0BRBmEiwAy9tKHtVrLWzEgHPC-0Svg425LyhXt5fqKMbF_2g_8gpMGGGupOTBIzmrkBoCvo0QAvD_BwE RON WORD. (December 13, 2006). Strip club manager killer set to die. Retrieved from http://angel-diaz-florida.blogspot.com/2006/12/you-know-im-innocent-i-know-im-innocent.html United States Department Of Justice. (2020). United States Department Of Justice. Steps In The Federal Criminal Process. Retrieved from https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/steps-federal-criminal-process

As the business in the simulation goes through various generations, it is faced with various external and internal factors that affect its business model in different ways

/in /by

You have learned some new concepts, and this new knowledge may impact how you make business decisions. For this assignment, you will complete another run of the 30-minute business simulation https://forio.com/app/harvard/family-business/#/ . This time, you will make decisions while bearing in mind the key business segments in the company’s BMC.

During this second run of the simulation, pay specific attention to your company’s business model and any business environment factors that may impact your plan. Then, complete and submit your journal assignment here. Make sure you’ve included all the required elements by reviewing the requirements and rubric.

Overview

As the business in the simulation goes through various generations, it is faced with various external and internal factors that affect its business model in different ways. You may have also made decisions that affected the company’s business strategy including its value proposition, customer segments, revenue models, and other factors. In this journal, you will reflect on these factors and decisions and discuss how the business model changed across generations, and then determine the feasibility of these changes by running them through the BMC framework.

Prompt

In your journal, reflect on the different BMC segments, such as value propositions, channels, customer relationships, customer segments, revenue streams, key resources, activities, partnerships, and cost structure, and how they affected the decisions made in the simulation and consequently the company’s growth and direction.

In this journal, select two BMC segments to use in answering the following questions:

  1. BMC segment changes: How have the selected BMC segments changed over the various generations?
  2. The effect of decisions: How have your decisions affected the BMC segments?
  3. Explore your decisions: How did you come to your decisions?
  4. Assess your decisions: Do you believe you made the right decisions in the simulation? Why or why not?

Guidelines for Submission

Submit your journal as a 1- to 2-page Word document using 12-point Times New Roman, one-inch margins, and double spacing. Sources should be cited according to APA style.

The Conspiracy Against Lancelot and Guinevere

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Le Morte d’Arthur BOOK XX CHAPTERS I-IV

“The Conspiracy Against Lancelot and Guinevere”

CHAPTER I

 

How Sir Agravaine and Sir Mordred were busy upon Sir

Gawaine for to disclose the love between Sir Launcelot

and Queen Guenever

 

 

IN May when every lusty heart flourisheth and bourgeoneth,

for as the season is lusty to behold and comfortable,

so man and woman rejoice and gladden of summer

coming with his fresh flowers: for winter with his rough

winds and blasts causeth a lusty man and woman to cower

and sit fast by the fire. So in this season, as in the month

of May, it befell a great anger and unhap that stinted not

till the flower of chivalry of all the world was destroyed

and slain; and all was long upon two unhappy knights

the which were named Agravaine and Sir Mordred, that

were brethren unto Sir Gawaine. For this Sir Agravaine

and Sir Mordred had ever a privy hate unto the queen

Dame Guenever and to Sir Launcelot, and daily and

nightly they ever watched upon Sir Launcelot.

 

So it mishapped, Sir Gawaine and all his brethren were in

King Arthur’s chamber; and then Sir Agravaine said thus

openly, and not in no counsel, that many knights might

hear it: I marvel that we all be not ashamed both to see

and to know how Sir Launcelot lieth daily and nightly by

the queen, and all we know it so; and it is shamefully

suffered of us all, that we all should suffer so noble a king

as King Arthur is so to be shamed.

 

Then spake Sir Gawaine, and said: Brother Sir Agravaine,

I pray you and charge you move no such matters

no more afore me, for wit you well, said Sir Gawaine, I

will not be of your counsel. So God me help, said Sir

Gaheris and Sir Gareth, we will not be knowing, brother

Agravaine, of your deeds. Then will I, said Sir Mordred.

I lieve well that, said Sir Gawaine, for ever unto

all unhappiness, brother Sir Mordred, thereto will ye grant;

and I would that ye left all this, and made you not so

busy, for I know, said Sir Gawaine, what will fall of it.

Fall of it what fall may, said Sir Agravaine, I will disclose

it to the king. Not by my counsel, said Sir Gawaine, for

an there rise war and wrack betwixt Sir Launcelot and us,

wit you well brother, there will many kings and great

lords hold with Sir Launcelot. Also, brother Sir Agravaine,

said Sir Gawaine, ye must remember how ofttimes

Sir Launcelot hath rescued the king and the queen; and

the best of us all had been full cold at the heart-root had not

 

 

Sir Launcelot been better than we, and that hath he proved

himself full oft. And as for my part, said Sir Gawaine, I

will never be against Sir Launcelot for one day’s deed,

when he rescued me from King Carados of the Dolorous

Tower, and slew him, and saved my life. Also, brother

Sir Agravaine and Sir Mordred, in like wise Sir Launcelot

rescued you both, and threescore and two, from Sir

Turquin. Methinketh brother, such kind deeds and kindness

should be remembered. Do as ye list, said Sir Agravaine,

for I will lain it no longer. With these words came to

them King Arthur. Now brother, stint your noise, said

Sir Gawaine. We will not, said Sir Agravaine and Sir

Mordred. Will ye so? said Sir Gawaine; then God

speed you, for I will not hear your tales ne be of your

counsel. No more will I, said Sir Gareth and Sir Gaheris,

for we will never say evil by that man; for because, said

Sir Gareth, Sir Launcelot made me knight, by no manner

owe I to say ill of him: and therewithal they three

departed, making great dole. Alas, said Sir Gawaine and

Sir Gareth, now is this realm wholly mischieved, and the

noble fellowship of the Round Table shall be disparpled:

so they departed.

 

CHAPTER II

 

How Sir Agravaine disclosed their love to King Arthur,

and how King Arthur gave them licence to take him

 

 

AND then Sir Arthur asked them what noise they made.

My lord, said Agravaine, I shall tell you that I may keep

no longer. Here is I, and my brother Sir Mordred,

brake unto my brothers Sir Gawaine, Sir Gaheris, and to

Sir Gareth, how this we know all, that Sir Launcelot

holdeth your queen, and hath done long; and we be your

sister’s sons, and we may suffer it no longer, and all we

wot that ye should be above Sir Launcelot; and ye are

the king that made him knight, and therefore we will

prove it, that he is a traitor to your person.

 

If it be so, said Sir Arthur, wit you well he is none

other, but I would be loath to begin such a thing but I

might have proofs upon it; for Sir Launcelot is an hardy

knight, and all ye know he is the best knight among us

all; and but if he be taken with the deed, he will fight

with him that bringeth up the noise, and I know no

knight that is able to match him. Therefore an it be

sooth as ye say, I would he were taken with the deed.

For as the French book saith, the king was full loath

thereto, that any noise should be upon Sir Launcelot and

his queen; for the king had a deeming, but he would not

hear of it, for Sir Launcelot had done so much for him

and the queen so many times, that wit ye well the king

loved him passingly well. My lord, said Sir Agravaine,

ye shall ride to-morn a-hunting, and doubt ye not Sir

Launcelot will not go with you. Then when it draweth

toward night, ye may send the queen word that ye will lie

 

 

out all that night, and so may ye send for your cooks,

and then upon pain of death we shall take him that night

with the queen, and outher we shall bring him to you

dead or quick. I will well, said the king; then I counsel

you, said the king, take with you sure fellowship. Sir,

said Agravaine, my brother, Sir Mordred, and I, will take

with us twelve knights of the Round Table. Beware,

said King Arthur, for I warn you ye shall find him wight.

Let us deal, said Sir Agravaine and Sir Mordred.

 

So on the morn King Arthur rode a-hunting, and sent

word to the queen that he would be out all that night.

Then Sir Agravaine and Sir Mordred gat to them twelve

knights, and hid themself in a chamber in the Castle of

Carlisle, and these were their names: Sir Colgrevance, Sir

Mador de la Porte, Sir Gingaline, Sir Meliot de Logris,

Sir Petipase of Winchelsea, Sir Galleron of Galway, Sir

Melion of the Mountain, Sir Astamore, Sir Gromore

Somir Joure, Sir Curselaine, Sir Florence, Sir Lovel. So

these twelve knights were with Sir Mordred and Sir

Agravaine, and all they were of Scotland, outher of Sir

Gawaine’s kin, either well-willers to his brethren.

 

So when the night came, Sir Launcelot told Sir Bors

how he would go that night and speak with the queen.

Sir, said Sir Bors, ye shall not go this night by my counsel.

Why? said Sir Launcelot. Sir, said Sir Bors, I dread me

ever of Sir Agravaine, that waiteth you daily to do you

shame and us all; and never gave my heart against no

going, that ever ye went to the queen, so much as now;

for I mistrust that the king is out this night from the

queen because peradventure he hath lain some watch for

you and the queen, and therefore I dread me sore of

treason. Have ye no dread, said Sir Launcelot, for I

shall go and come again, and make no tarrying. Sir, said

Sir Bors, that me repenteth, for I dread me sore that your

going out this night shall wrath us all. Fair nephew,

said Sir Launcelot, I marvel much why ye say thus, sithen

the queen hath sent for me; and wit ye well I will not be

so much a coward, but she shall understand I will see her

good grace. God speed you well, said Sir Bors, and send

you sound and safe again.

 

 

CHAPTER Ill

 

How Sir Launcelot was espied in the queen’s chamber, and

how Sir Agravaine and Sir Mordred came with twelve

knights to slay him

 

 

SO Sir Launcelot departed, and took his sword under his arm,

and so in his mantle that noble knight put himself in great

Jeopardy; and so he passed till he came to the queen’s

chamber, and then Sir Launcelot was lightly put into the

chamber. And then, as the French book saith, the queen

and Launcelot were together. And whether they were

 

 

abed or at other manner of disports, me list not hereof

make no mention, for love that time was not as is now-a-days.

But thus as they were together, there came Sir

Agravaine and Sir Mordred, with twelve knights with

them of the Round Table, and they said with crying

voice: Traitor-knight, Sir Launcelot du Lake, now art

thou taken. And thus they cried with a loud voice, that

all the court might hear it; and they all fourteen were

armed at all points as they should fight in a battle. Alas

said Queen Guenever, now are we mischieved both

Madam, said Sir Launcelot, is there here any armour

within your chamber, that I might cover my poor body

withal? An if there be any give it me, and I shall soon

stint their malice, by the grace of God. Truly, said the

queen, I have none armour, shield, sword, nor spear;

wherefore I dread me sore our long love is come to a

mischievous end, for I hear by their noise there be many

noble knights, and well I wot they be surely armed, and

against them ye may make no resistance. Wherefore ye

are likely to be slain, and then shall I be brent. For an

ye might escape them, said the queen, I would not doubt

but that ye would rescue me in what danger that ever I

stood in. Alas, said Sir Launcelot, in all my life thus

was I never bestead, that I should be thus shamefully

slain for lack of mine armour.

 

But ever in one Sir Agravaine and Sir Mordred cried:

Traitor-knight, come out of the queen’s chamber, for wit

thou well thou art so beset that thou shalt not escape.

O Jesu mercy, said Sir Launcelot, this shameful cry and

noise I may not suffer, for better were death at once than

thus to endure this pain. Then he took the queen in his

arms, and kissed her, and said: Most noble Christian

queen, I beseech you as ye have been ever my special good

lady, and I at all times your true poor knight unto my

power, and as I never failed you in right nor in wrong

sithen the first day King Arthur made me knight, that ye

will pray for my soul if that I here be slain; for well I

am assured that Sir Bors, my nephew, and all the remnant

of my kin, with Sir Lavaine and Sir Urre, that they will

not fail you to rescue you from the fire; and therefore, mine

own lady, recomfort yourself, whatsomever come of me,

that ye go with Sir Bors, my nephew, and Sir Urre, and

they all will do you all the pleasure that they can or may,

that ye shall live like a queen upon my lands. Nay,

Launcelot, said the queen, wit thou well I will never live

after thy days, but an thou be slain I will take my death

as meekly for Jesu Christ’s sake as ever did any Christian

queen. Well, madam, said I-auncelot, sith it is so that

the day is come that our love must depart, wit you well I

shall sell my life as dear as I may; and a thousandfold,

said Sir Launcelot, I am more heavier for you than for

myself. And now I had liefer than to be lord of all

Christendom, that I had sure armour upon me, that men

might speak of my deeds or ever I were slain. Truly,

said the queen, I would an it might please God that they

would take me and slay me, and suffer you to escape.

 

 

That shall never be, said Sir Launcelot, God defend me

from such a shame, but Jesu be Thou my shield and mine

armour!

 

 

CHAPTER IV

 

How Sir Launcelot slew Sir Colgrevance, and armed him in

his harness, and after slew Sir Agravaine, and twelve

of his fellows

 

 

AND therewith Sir Launcelot wrapped his mantle about

his arm well and surely; and by then they had gotten a

great form out of the hall, and therewithal they rashed

at the door. Fair lords, said Sir Launcelot, leave your

noise and your rashing, and I shall set open this door, and

then may ye do with me what it liketh you. Come off

then, said they all, and do it, for it availeth thee not to

strive against us all; and therefore let us into this

chamber, and we shall save thy life until thou come to

King Arthur. Then Launcelot unbarred the door, and

with his left hand he held it open a little, so that but one

man might come in at once; and so there came striding a

good knight, a much man and large, and his name was

Colgrevance of Gore, and he with a sword struck at Sir

Launcelot mightily; and he put aside the stroke, and

gave him such a buffet upon the helmet, that he fell

grovelling dead within the chamber door. And then Sir

Launcelot with great might drew that dead knight within

the chamber door; and Sir Launcelot with help of the

queen and her ladies was lightly armed in Sir Colgrevance’s

armour.

 

And ever stood Sir Agravaine and Sir Mordred

crying: Traitor-knight, come out of the queen’s chamber.

Leave your noise, said Sir Launcelot unto Sir Agravaine,

for wit you well, Sir Agravaine, ye shall not prison me

this night; and therefore an ye do by my counsel, go ye

all from this chamber door, and make not such crying and

such manner of slander as ye do; for I promise you by

my knighthood, an ye will depart and make no more

noise, I shall as to-morn appear afore you all before the

king, and then let it be seen which of you all, outher else

ye all, that will accuse me of treason; and there I shall

answer you as a knight should, that hither I came to the

queen for no manner of mal engin, and that will I prove

and make it good upon you with my hands. Fie on thee,

traitor, said Sir Agravaine and Sir Mordred, we will have

thee maugre thy head, and slay thee if we list; for we let

thee wit we have the choice of King Arthur to save thee

or to slay thee. Ah sirs, said Sir Launcelot, is there none

other grace with you? then keep yourself.

 

So then Sir Launcelot set all open the chamber door,

and mightily and knightly he strode in amongst them;

and anon at the first buffet he slew Sir Agravaine. And

 

 

twelve of his fellows after, within a little while after, he

laid them cold to the earth, for there was none of the

twelve that might stand Sir Launcelot one buffet. Also

Sir Launcelot wounded Sir Mordred, and he fled with all

his might. And then Sir Launcelot returned again unto

the queen, and said: Madam, now wit you well all our

true love is brought to an end, for now will King Arthur

ever be my foe; and therefore, madam, an it like you

that I may have you with me, I shall save you from all

manner adventures dangerous. That is not best, said the

queen; meseemeth now ye have done so much harm, it

will be best ye hold you still with this. And if ye see

that as to-morn they will put me unto the death, then

may ye rescue me as ye think best. I will well, said Sir

Launcelot, for have ye no doubt, while I am living I shall

rescue you. And then he kissed her, and either gave

other a ring; and so there he left the queen, and went

until his lodging.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Le Morte d’Arthur BOOK XX CHAPTERS VIII-X

“War Breaks Out Between Arthur and Lancelot”

CHAPTER VIII

 

How Sir Launcelot and his kinsmen rescued the queen from

the fire, and how he slew many knights

 

 

THEN said the noble King Arthur to Sir Gawaine: Dear

nephew, I pray you make you ready in your best armour,

with your brethren, Sir Gaheris and Sir Gareth, to bring

my queen to the fire, there to have her judgment and

receive the death. Nay, my most noble lord, said Sir

Gawaine, that will I never do; for wit you well I will

never be in that place where so noble a queen as is my

lady, Dame Guenever, shall take a shameful end. For

wit you well, said Sir Gawaine, my heart will never serve

me to see her die; and it shall never be said that ever

I was of your counsel of her death.

 

Then said the king to Sir Gawaine: Suffer your

brothers Sir Gaheris and Sir Gareth to be there. My

lord, said Sir Gawaine, wit you well they will be loath

to be there present, because of many adventures the which

be like there to fall, but they are young and full unable

to say you nay. Then spake Sir Gaheris, and the good

knight Sir Gareth, unto Sir Arthur: Sir, ye may well

command us to be there, but wit you well it shall be sore

against our will; but an we be there by your strait

commandment ye shall plainly hold us there excused: we

will be there in peaceable wise, and bear none harness of

war upon us. In the name of God, said the king, then

make you ready, for she shall soon have her judgment

anon. Alas, said Sir Gawaine, that ever I should endure

to see this woful day. So Sir Gawaine turned him and

wept heartily, and so he went into his chamber; and then

the queen was led forth without Carlisle, and there she

was despoiled into her smock. And so then her ghostly

father was brought to her, to be shriven of her misdeeds.

Then was there weeping, and wailing, and wringing of

hands, of many lords and ladies, but there were but few

in comparison that would bear any armour for to strength

the death of the queen.

 

Then was there one that Sir Launcelot had sent unto

that place for to espy what time the queen should go unto

her death; and anon as he saw the queen despoiled into

her smock, and so shriven, then he gave Sir Launcelot

warning. Then was there but spurring and plucking up

of horses, and right so they came to the fire. And who

that stood against them, there were they slain; there might

none withstand Sir Launcelot, so all that bare arms and

withstood them, there were they slain, full many a noble

 

 

knight. For there was slain Sir Belliance le Orgulous,

Sir Segwarides, Sir Griflet, Sir Brandiles, Sir Aglovale,

Sir Tor; Sir Gauter, Sir Gillimer, Sir Reynolds’ three

brethren; Sir Damas, Sir Priamus, Sir Kay the Stranger,

Sir Driant, Sir Lambegus, Sir Herminde; Sir Pertilope,

Sir Perimones, two brethren that were called the Green

Knight and the Red Knight. And so in this rushing and

hurling, as Sir Launcelot thrang here and there, it

mishapped him to slay Gaheris and Sir Gareth, the noble

knight, for they were unarmed and unware. For as the

French book saith, Sir Launcelot smote Sir Gareth and

Sir Gaheris upon the brain-pans, wherethrough they were

slain in the field; howbeit in very truth Sir Launcelot

saw them not, and so were they found dead among the

thickest of the press.

 

Then when Sir Launcelot had thus done, and slain and

put to flight all that would withstand him, then he rode

straight unto Dame Guenever, and made a kirtle and a

gown to be cast upon her; and then he made her to be

set behind him, and prayed her to be of good cheer. Wit

you well the queen was glad that she was escaped from

the death. And then she thanked God and Sir Launcelot;

and so he rode his way with the queen, as the French book

saith, unto Joyous Gard, and there he kept her as a noble

knight should do; and many great lords and some kings

sent Sir Launcelot many good knights, and many noble

knights drew unto Sir Launcelot. When this was known

openly, that King Arthur and Sir Launcelot were at

debate, many knights were glad of their debate, and many

were full heavy of their debate.

 

CHAPTER IX

 

Of the sorrow and lamentation of King Arthur for the

death of his nephews and other good knights, and also

for the queen, his wife

 

 

SO turn we again unto King Arthur, that when it was told

him how and in what manner of wise the queen was taken

away from the fire, and when he heard of the death of

his noble knights, and in especial of Sir Gaheris and Sir

Gareth’s death, then the king swooned for pure sorrow.

And when he awoke of his swoon, then he said: Alas,

that ever I bare crown upon my head! for now have

I lost the fairest fellowship of noble knights that ever

held Christian king together. Alas, my good knights be

slain away from me: now within these two days I have

lost forty knights, and also the noble fellowship of Sir

Launcelot and his blood, for now I may never hold

them together no more with my worship. Alas that

ever this war began. Now fair fellows, said the king,

I charge you that no man tell Sir Gawaine of the death

of his two brethren; for I am sure, said the king, when

Sir Gawaine heareth tell that Sir Gareth is dead he will go

nigh out of his mind. Mercy Jesu, said the king, why

 

 

slew he Sir Gareth and Sir Gaheris, for I dare say as for

Sir Gareth he loved Sir Launcelot above all men earthly.

That is truth, said some knights, but they were slain in

the hurtling as Sir Launcelot thrang in the thick of the

press; and as they were unarmed he smote them and wist

not whom that he smote, and so unhappily they were

slain. The death of them, said Arthur, will cause the

greatest mortal war that ever was; I am sure, wist Sir

Gawaine that Sir Gareth were slain, I should never have

rest of him till I had destroyed Sir Launcelot’s kin and

himself both, outher else he to destroy me. And therefore,

said the king, wit you well my heart was never so

heavy as it is now, and much more I am sorrier for my

good knights’ loss than for the loss of my fair queen;

for queens I might have enow, but such a fellowship of

good knights shall never be together in no company.

And now I dare say, said King Arthur, there was never

Christian king held such a fellowship together; and alas

that ever Sir Launcelot and I should be at debate. Ah

Agravaine, Agravaine, said the king, Jesu forgive it thy soul,

for thine evil will, that thou and thy brother Sir Mordred

hadst unto Sir Launcelot, hath caused all this sorrow: and

ever among these complaints the king wept and swooned.

 

Then there came one unto Sir Gawaine, and told him

how the queen was led away with Sir Launcelot, and nigh

a twenty-four knights slain. O Jesu defend my brethren,

said Sir Gawaine, for full well wist I that Sir Launcelot

would rescue her, outher else he would die in that field;

and to say the truth he had not been a man of worship had

he not rescued the queen that day, insomuch she should

have been brent for his sake. And as in that, said Sir

Gawaine, he hath done but knightly, and as I would have

done myself an I had stood in like case. But where are

my brethren? said Sir Gawaine, I marvel I hear not of

them. Truly, said that man, Sir Gareth and Sir Gaheris

be slain. Jesu defend, said Sir Gawaine, for all the world

I would not that they were slain, and in especial my good

brother, Sir Gareth. Sir, said the man, he is slain, and

that is great pity. Who slew him? said Sir Gawaine.

Sir, said the man, Launcelot slew them both. That may I

not believe, said Sir Gawaine, that ever he slew my brother,

Sir Gareth; for I dare say my brother Gareth loved him

better than me, and all his brethren, and the king both.

Also I dare say, an Sir Launcelot had desired my brother

Sir Gareth, with him he would have been with him against

the king and us all, and therefore I may never believe that

Sir Launcelot slew my brother. Sir, said this man, it is

noised that he slew him.

 

CHAPTER X

 

How King Arthur at the request of Sir Gawaine concluded

to make war against Sir Launcelot, and laid siege to

his castle called Joyous Gard

 

 

 

 

ALAS, said Sir Gawaine, now is my joy gone. And then

he fell down and swooned, and long he lay there as he had

been dead. And then, when he arose of his swoon, he

cried out sorrowfully, and said: Alas! And right so Sir

Gawaine ran to the king, crying and weeping: O King

Arthur, mine uncle, my good brother Sir Gareth is slain,

and so is my brother Sir Gaheris, the which were two

noble knights. Then the king wept, and he both; and so

they fell a-swooning. And when they were revived then

spake Sir Gawaine: Sir, I will go see my brother, Sir

Gareth. Ye may not see him, said the king, for I caused

him to be interred, and Sir Gaheris both; for I well

understood that ye would make over-much sorrow, and the sight

of Sir Gareth should have caused your double sorrow.

Alas, my lord, said Sir Gawaine, how slew he my brother,

Sir Gareth? Mine own good lord I pray you tell me.

Truly, said the king, I shall tell you how it is told me, Sir

Launcelot slew him and Sir Gaheris both. Alas, said Sir

Gawaine, they bare none arms against him, neither of them

both. I wot not how it was, said the king, but as it is

said, Sir Launcelot slew them both in the thickest of the

press and knew them not; and therefore let us shape a

remedy for to revenge their deaths.

 

My king, my lord, and mine uncle, said Sir Gawaine,

wit you well now I shall make you a promise that I shall

hold by my knighthood, that from this day I shall never

fail Sir Launcelot until the one of us have slain the other.

And therefore I require you, my lord and king, dress you

to the war, for wit you well I will be revenged upon Sir

Launcelot; and therefore, as ye will have my service and

my love, now haste you thereto, and assay your friends.

For I promise unto God, said Sir Gawaine, for the death

of my brother, Sir Gareth, I shall seek Sir Launcelot

throughout seven kings’ realms, but I shall slay him or else

he shall slay me. Ye shall not need to seek him so far,

said the king, for as I hear say, Sir Launcelot will abide

me and you in the Joyous Gard; and much people draweth

unto him, as I hear say. That may I believe, said Sir

Gawaine; but my lord, he said, assay your friends, and I

will assay mine. It shall be done, said the king, and as I

suppose I shall be big enough to draw him out of the

biggest tower of his castle.

 

So then the king sent letters and writs throughout all

England, both in the length and the breadth, for to assummon

all his knights. And so unto Arthur drew many knights,

dukes, and earls, so that he had a great host. And when

they were assembled, the king informed them how Sir

Launcelot had bereft him his queen. Then the king and all

his host made them ready to lay siege about Sir Launcelot,

where he lay within Joyous Gard.

 

 

Malory, T. Morte Darthur. Internet sacred text archive. https://www.sacred-

texts.com/

Who is your leader and what leadership role/s has this person had?

/in /by

Name of Leader : Mahatma Gandhi

 

For this week’s paper (Leader Analysis Paper #1) you will focus on how your leader did (or did not) display aspects of Fundamentals of Leadership (Unit 1), Effective Thinking (Unit 2), and Emotional Intelligence (Unit 3).

You will need to cite your conclusions with references from the week’s reading material. If, at any point, you find that you do not have enough material to continue your evaluation of this particular leader, you may change to a different leader but only with the approval of your instructor.

For Leader Analysis Paper #1, please submit a 4-5 page (minimum) double-spaced/12-font paper that details the following:

1.  Who is your leader and what leadership role/s has this person had?

2.  What is your interest in this leader?  Why do you want to choose this person?

3.  What preliminary comprehensive sources have you found to support your weekly research?  In other words, do you have sufficient materials and references to continue to assess and analyze this person and his/her leadership style, traits and behaviors throughout this course?

4.  Citations and references to this Units 1, 2, and 3 reading materials that support your choice. Specifically, how did your leader display (or not display) aspects of Fundamentals of Leadership (Unit 1), Effective Thinking (Unit 2), and Emotional Intelligence (Unit 3).

Write a paper and  discuss the following: 1- What you perceive to be the significance of what you learned in quantitative chemical analysis class and lab.

/in /by

Write a paper and  discuss the following:

1- What you perceive to be the significance of what you learned in quantitative chemical analysis class and lab.

Discuss:

– How does it relate to real life and to you personally?

– What is the take home message that you learned from this course?

 -What did you like or dislike (your favorite part)?

2- Discuss using references and specific details how the material you learned in class is related to a specific topic such as:

-Water and air pollution

-Fracking

-CO2, greenhouse gas emissions from human activities 

3- In your opinion, what is the connection between the Animal Farm novella (by George Orwell ) Or    Prince by Niccolò Machiavelli and what you learned in class and how is that relevant  to  your  life and future ( that means you need to read the  Animal Farm novella or some of  Prince by Niccolò Machiavelli)? ( what is the take-home message for both and the connection between the messages)