World Headquarters Jones & Bartlett Learning 5 Wall Street Burlington

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Epidemiology for Public Health Practice Robert H. Friis, PhD Professor, Emeritus, and Chair Emeritus Health Science Department California State University Long Beach, California

Thomas A. Sellers, PhD, MPH Director Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute Tampa, Florida

FIFTH EDITION

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Friis, Robert H. Epidemiology for public health practice / Robert H. Friis and Thomas Sellers.—5th ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4496-5158-9 (pbk.) I. Sellers, Thomas A. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Epidemiology. 2. Epidemiologic Methods. 3. Public Health. WA 105] 614.4—dc23

2012039130

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New to This Edition …………………………………………… ix

Introduction ……………………………………………………… xiii

Preface ……………………………………………………………… xvii

Acknowledgments ……………………………………………… xix

About the Authors …………………………………………………… xxiii

Chapter 1 History and Scope of Epidemiology ……………………… 1 Introduction …………………………………………………………. 2 Epidemiology Defined ……………………………………………. 8 Foundations of Epidemiology ………………………………….. 15 Historical Antecedents of Epidemiology ……………………. 23 Recent Applications of Epidemiology ……………………….. 41 Conclusion …………………………………………………………… 48 Study Questions and Exercises …………………………………. 49 References …………………………………………………………….. 51

Chapter 2 Practical Applications of Epidemiology ………………… 55 Introduction …………………………………………………………. 56 Applications for the Assessment of the Health Status of Populations and Delivery of Health Services ………….. 59 Applications Relevant to Disease Etiology ………………….. 83 Conclusion …………………………………………………………… 101 Study Questions and Exercises …………………………………. 101 References …………………………………………………………….. 104

Contents

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Chapter 3 Measures of Morbidity and Mortality Used in Epidemiology ………………………………………………… 107

Introduction …………………………………………………………. 108 Definitions of Count, Ratio, Proportion, and Rate ……… 108 Risk Versus Rate; Cumulative Incidence ……………………. 121 Interrelationship Between Prevalence and Incidence ……. 124 Applications of Incidence Data ………………………………… 126 Crude Rates ………………………………………………………….. 126 Specific Rates and Proportional Mortality Ratio …………. 138 Adjusted Rates ………………………………………………………. 144 Conclusion …………………………………………………………… 151 Study Questions and Exercises …………………………………. 152 References …………………………………………………………….. 155

Chapter 4 Descriptive Epidemiology: Person, Place, Time ……… 157 Introduction …………………………………………………………. 158 Characteristics of Persons ………………………………………… 163 Characteristics of Place …………………………………………… 203 Characteristics of Time …………………………………………… 217 Conclusion …………………………………………………………… 223 Study Questions and Exercises …………………………………. 223 References …………………………………………………………….. 225 Appendix 4—Project: Descriptive Epidemiology of a Selected Health Problem ………………………………….. 233

Chapter 5 Sources of Data for Use in Epidemiology ………………. 235 Introduction …………………………………………………………. 236 Criteria for the Quality and Utility of Epidemiologic Data …………………………………………… 239 Online Sources of Epidemiologic Data ……………………… 241 Confidentiality, Sharing of Data, and Record Linkage …. 244 Statistics Derived from the Vital Registration System ….. 247 Reportable Disease Statistics ……………………………………. 254 Screening Surveys ………………………………………………….. 259 Disease Registries …………………………………………………… 260 Morbidity Surveys of the General Population …………….. 262 Insurance Data………………………………………………………. 267 Clinical Data Sources ……………………………………………… 267 Absenteeism Data ………………………………………………….. 271 School Health Programs …………………………………………. 272

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Morbidity in the Armed Forces: Data on Active Personnel and Veterans ………………………………………. 272 Other Sources: Census Data ……………………………………. 273 Conclusion …………………………………………………………… 274 Study Questions and Exercises …………………………………. 274 References …………………………………………………………….. 276

Chapter 6 Study Designs: Ecologic, Cross-Sectional, Case-Control …………………………………………………. 279

Introduction …………………………………………………………. 280 Observational Versus Experimental Approaches in Epidemiology ……………………………………………………. 281 Overview of Study Designs Used in Epidemiology ……… 282 Ecologic Studies …………………………………………………….. 287 Cross-Sectional Studies …………………………………………… 294 Case-Control Studies ……………………………………………… 303 Conclusion …………………………………………………………… 317 Study Questions and Exercises …………………………………. 317 References …………………………………………………………….. 319

Chapter 7 Study Designs: Cohort Studies …………………………….. 323 Introduction …………………………………………………………. 324 Cohort Studies Defined ………………………………………….. 325 Sampling and Cohort Formation Options …………………. 335 Temporal Differences in Cohort Designs …………………… 341 Practical Considerations ………………………………………….. 344 Measures of Effect: Their Interpretation and Examples … 347 Summary of Cohort Studies …………………………………….. 358 Conclusion …………………………………………………………… 359 Study Questions and Exercises …………………………………. 362 References …………………………………………………………….. 363

Chapter 8 Experimental Study Designs ……………………………….. 367 Introduction …………………………………………………………. 368 Hierarchy of Study Designs …………………………………….. 371 Intervention Studies ……………………………………………….. 373 Clinical Trials ……………………………………………………….. 374 Community Trials …………………………………………………. 392 Conclusion …………………………………………………………… 404 Study Questions and Exercises …………………………………. 405 References …………………………………………………………….. 406

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Chapter 9 Measures of Effect ……………………………………………… 409 Introduction …………………………………………………………. 410 Absolute Effects …………………………………………………….. 410 Relative Effects ……………………………………………………… 414 Statistical Measures of Effect ……………………………………. 420 Evaluating Epidemiologic Associations ……………………… 423 Models of Causal Relationships ……………………………….. 425 Conclusion …………………………………………………………… 430 Study Questions and Exercises …………………………………. 431 References …………………………………………………………….. 432 Appendix 9—Cohort Study Data for Coffee Use and Anxiety ………………………………………………………. 433

Chapter 10 Data Interpretation Issues …………………………………… 435 Introduction …………………………………………………………. 436 Validity of Study Designs ……………………………………….. 437 Sources of Error in Epidemiologic Research ……………….. 440 Techniques to Reduce Bias ……………………………………… 449 Methods to Control Confounding ……………………………. 450 Bias in Analysis and Publication ……………………………….. 454 Conclusion …………………………………………………………… 456 Study Questions and Exercises …………………………………. 456 References …………………………………………………………….. 458

Chapter 11 Screening for Disease in the Community ………………. 461 Introduction …………………………………………………………. 462 Screening for Disease ……………………………………………… 464 Appropriate Situations for Screening Tests and Programs ………………………………………………………….. 468 Characteristics of a Good Screening Test …………………… 471 Evaluation of Screening Tests ………………………………….. 471 Sources of Unreliability and Invalidity ………………………. 476 Measures of the Validity of Screening Tests ……………….. 476 Effects of Prevalence of Disease on Screening Test Results……………………………………………………………… 479 Relationship Between Sensitivity and Specificity …………. 482 Evaluation of Screening Programs …………………………….. 483 Issues in the Classification of Morbidity and Mortality … 485 Conclusion …………………………………………………………… 486 Study Questions and Exercises …………………………………. 487 References …………………………………………………………….. 488 Appendix 11—Data for Problem 6 …………………………… 490

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Chapter 12 Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases …………………….. 491 Introduction …………………………………………………………. 492 Agents of Infectious Disease …………………………………….. 493 Characteristics of Infectious Disease Agents ……………….. 496 Host ……………………………………………………………………. 497 The Environment ………………………………………………….. 499 Means of Transmission: Directly or Indirectly from Reservoir ………………………………………………………….. 500 Measures of Disease Outbreaks ………………………………… 506 Procedures Used in the Investigation of Infectious Disease Outbreaks ……………………………………………… 511 Epidemiologically Significant Infectious Diseases in the Community ……………………………………………………… 513 Conclusion …………………………………………………………… 539 Study Questions and Exercises …………………………………. 539 References …………………………………………………………….. 542 Appendix 12—Data from a Foodborne Illness Outbreak in a College Cafeteria …………………………… 545

Chapter 13 Epidemiologic Aspects of Work in the Environment …………………………………………………. 547

Introduction …………………………………………………………. 548 Health Effects Associated with Environmental Hazards .. 550 Study Designs Used in Environmental Epidemiology ….. 550 Toxicologic Concepts Related to Environmental Epidemiology ……………………………………………………. 555 Types of Agents …………………………………………………….. 557 Environmental Hazards Found in the Work Setting ……. 571 Noteworthy Community Environmental Health Hazards ……………………………………………………………. 575 Conclusion …………………………………………………………… 588 Study Questions and Exercises …………………………………. 591 References …………………………………………………………….. 592

Chapter 14 Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology …………………… 599 Introduction …………………………………………………………. 600 Definitions and Distinctions: Molecular Versus Genetic Epidemiology ……………………………………………………. 605 Epidemiologic Evidence for Genetic Factors ………………. 609 Causes of Familial Aggregation ………………………………… 610 Shared Family Environment and Familial Aggregation … 612 Gene Mapping: Segregation and Linkage Analysis ………. 616

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Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) ……………… 626 Linkage Disequilibrium Revisited: Haplotypes …………… 628 Application of Genes in Epidemiologic Designs ………….. 631 Genetics and Public Health …………………………………….. 638 Conclusion …………………………………………………………… 642 Study Questions and Exercises …………………………………. 642 References …………………………………………………………….. 643

Chapter 15 Social, Behavioral, and Psychosocial Epidemiology … 649 Introduction …………………………………………………………. 650 Research Designs Used in Psychosocial, Behavioral, and Social Epidemiology …………………………………………… 655 The Social Context of Health ………………………………….. 657 Independent Variables ……………………………………………. 660 Moderating Variables ……………………………………………… 669 Dependent (Outcome) Variables: Physical and Mental Health ……………………………………………………………… 684 Conclusion …………………………………………………………… 691 Study Questions and Exercises …………………………………. 692 References …………………………………………………………….. 694

Chapter 16 Epidemiology as a Profession ………………………………. 701 Introduction …………………………………………………………. 702 Specializations within Epidemiology …………………………. 703 Career Roles for Epidemiologists ……………………………… 705 Epidemiology Associations and Journals ……………………. 708 Competencies Required of Epidemiologists ……………….. 711 Resources for Education and Employment ………………… 712 Professional Ethics in Epidemiology …………………………. 714 Conclusion …………………………………………………………… 719 Study Questions and Exercises …………………………………. 720 References …………………………………………………………….. 721

Appendix A—Guide to the Critical Appraisal of an Epidemiologic/Public Health Research Article …… 723

Appendix B—Answers to Selected Study Questions … 727

Glossary ……………………………………………………………. 737

Index ………………………………………………………………….. 759

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New to This Edition

Chapter 1: History and Scope of Epidemiology

●● New and updated images ●● Updated chart: three presentations of epidemiologic data ●● Updated chart: pneumonia and influenza mortality ●● New chart on the interdisciplinary nature of epidemiology ●● Glossary of terms used in the yearly bill of mortality for 1632 ●● Expanded information on cholera and John Snow

Chapter 2: Pract ical Applicat ions of Epidemiology

●● Updated information on leading causes of death from 1900 to 2009 ●● Expanded discussion of population dynamics and predictions about the future ●● More information provided on the health of the community and health

disparities, including the GINI index

Chapter 3: Measures of Morbidity and Mortal i ty Used in Epidemiology

●● Expanded coverage of epidemiologic measures (e.g., sex ratios) ●● More information on prevalence given with figure to show interrelationships

between prevalence and incidence ●● Further clarification of perinatal mortality provided

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Chapter 4: Descript ive Epidemiology: Person, Place, Time

●● Updated coverage of morbidity and mortality data by descriptive epidemiologic variables provided throughout the chapter

●● New examples of case studies and case series ●● New information on age effects associated with morbidity and mortality ●● Many new charts added to this chapter ●● Updates from the 2010 Census, with current definitions of race/ ethnicity

Chapter 5: Sources of Data for Use in Epidemiology

●● Updated information on data sources including notifiable diseases ●● Further clarification of criteria for the quality of epidemiologic data ●● Rationale strengthened for the need for high-quality epidemiologic data

Chapter 6: Study Designs: Ecologic, Cross- Sectional , Case-Control

●● Clarification regarding design and applications of case-control studies ●● More information on matching in case-control studies ●● Clearer definitions of terms provided ●● Further discussion of comparisons between cross-sectional and case-

control studies

Chapter 7: Study Designs: Cohort Studies

●● Introduction updated ●● Additional clarification of terminology used in cohort studies ●● Exhibit on life table methods updated to the most recent information

Chapter 8: Experimental Study Designs

●● Expanded coverage of intervention studies ●● Several new images, including an image of a scurvy victim ●● Discussion of phase 4 clinical trials ●● New table and a glossary of terms used in clinical trials ●● Applications of epidemiology to vaccines and prevention: HPV vaccine

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Chapter 9: Measures of Effect

●● Introduction revised ●● STROBE guidelines and quality of epidemiologic studies ●● Meta-analysis and systematic reviews

Chapter 10: Data Interpretat ion Issues

●● More information on Simpson’s Paradox, including a new figure ●● Information bias and screening mammography

Chapter 11: Screening for Disease in the Community

●● New figure showing participants in a mammogram and a blood pressure screening test

●● New figure showing participation rates in screening for colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and cervical cancer

●● Updated discussion on controversies in screening ●● Difficulties with false positive screening test results

Chapter 12: Epidemiology of Infect ious Diseases

●● Many updated charts showing data on disease incidence and prevalence (e.g., measles, malaria, hepatitis, valley fever, Lyme disease)

●● Information on the cholera epidemic in Haiti ●● Revised exhibit on viral hepatitis

Chapter 13: Epidemiologic Aspects of Work in the Environment

●● New information on methodologic topics (e.g., exposure assessments, clustering, and confounding)

●● Updated data on blood lead levels and mercury advisories ●● New topics include global warming, the BP oil spill, and the Japanese

tsunami and its effects on the Fukushima nuclear reactor ●● Many new images to capture students’ interest in this topic

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Chapter 14: Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology

●● New diagram of Mendelian inheritance ●● Additional discussion of the population genetics concept of linkage

disequilibrium ●● Expanded discussion of the concept of haplotypes ●● A thorough update of this chapter with the latest developments in the field

Chapter 15: Social , Behavioral , and Psychosocial Epidemiology

●● Many new illustrations added to this chapter ●● The concept of community-based participatory research added ●● New information on the social context of health (e.g., poverty, the Glasgow

effect) ●● Healthy People 2020 overarching goals included ●● Update on depression

Chapter 16: Epidemiology as a Profession

●● Updated to show current professional resources and issues

Other

●● Exciting new figures, tables, and exhibits provided throughout ●● Additional exercises and study questions

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Introduction

Epidemiology is an important, exciting, and rewarding field for the public health practitioner! Almost daily, one hears dramatic media reports about flare-ups of diseases, either previously known or seemingly new conditions. These accounts demonstrate how epidemiologists help to uncover the causes of human illnesses in the population and thereby underscore the importance of epidemiology to society. Deadly outbreaks of communicable diseases, the ongoing threat of resur- gent epidemics, and the possible intentional spread of pathogenic microorgan- isms through acts of bioterrorism present challenges to the field. By assisting the reader in understanding why and how diseases occur and how they may be pre- vented, epidemiology is a valuable pursuit. In this text you will learn that many epidemiologic investigations into the causes of mysterious outbreaks are similar to detective work.

One of the challenges for the authors has been to distill with sufficient breadth and depth all of the fascinating components of this discipline. As the Fifth Edition is being finalized, new and resurgent health conditions challenge public health practitioners; some current examples are resurgent whooping cough, outbreaks of foodborne diseases, hantavirus infections (which normally are infrequent) in a national park, fungal meningitis associated with epidural steroid injections, and a West Nile virus epidemic. Thus, the ongoing flow of accounts of disease outbreaks (noted in the First Edition) has not been staunched and, in fact, is con- tinuing unabated during the second decade of the 21st century.

Since the publication of the earlier editions of this book, the wealth of epidemiologic research findings has continued to proliferate and win the atten- tion of the popular media and professional journals. For example, some of these recent discoveries relate to continuing advances in genetics and molecu- lar biology, recognition of emerging infections, and the growing use of the Internet. As a result, the Second Edition introduced several enhancements: a new chapter on molecular and genetic epidemiology, a new chapter on experimental

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epidemiology, material on epidemiology Internet sites, and updated charts and tables throughout the text.

The Third Edition incorporated a new chapter on cohort designs, a glossary, and an expanded coverage of ecologic and case-control study designs. The Third Edition also included new material on the role of epidemiology in policy making, epidemiology and geographic information systems, and the definition of race used in Census 2000. A new Appendix A provided an extended guide to critiqu- ing published research studies in public health and epidemiology. Several new tables summarized unadjusted measures of morbidity and mortality, contrasted different types of observational study designs, and compared observational versus intervention study designs.

The Fourth Edition presented new information on infectious disease threats associated with E. coli foodborne illness and avian influenza as well as expanded coverage of the historical background of epidemiology. Chapter 3, “Measures of Morbidity and Mortality Used in Epidemiology,” was updated

The Greek Epic

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Please write an epic poem of a minimum of 1000 words and use the following links below for citing and must cite Dr. LJ’s summation. Must mention the Greek virtues that make you a hero in this epic. Dr. LJ’s summation and Assignment are in additional materials. Make sure to communicate, explain, discuss, and relate in the poem.

Links:

Analyze 2 DIFFERENT CASE STUDIES FOR PAPER these can be cases we discuss as long as they are from the course materials

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Analyze 2 DIFFERENT CASE STUDIES FOR PAPER these can be cases we discuss as long as they are from the course materials

For the PAPER you will be considering TWO cases and applying ONE theory to determine ethical viability of actions by the companies/individuals involved. Make sure to explain your chosen theory carefully by outlining the central principles. Please make sure follow the guidelines.

Please follow as Sample essay https://docs.google.com/file/d/1ajKQxDUuD0gf8GkKRai4LrvGgJD_O7k7/edit?usp=docslist_api&filetype=msword
Please NOT USE OUTSIDE SOURCES. ONLY USE SOURCE ASSIGNED BELOW!!!!

The theory Utilitarianism in the book: Fritz Alhoff & Anand J. Vaidya. Business in Ethical Focus: An Anthology. Broadview Press, (2008)
ISBN-13: 978-1551116617
Link to the theory:
Use citation for Utilitarianism theory in page 46-98 ( attached in file) and in the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=-a739VjqdSI
Link to access Case Studies
– “Blackwater”: https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=MzWbfvi3i6c
– “Machan Environmentalism Humanized”:
https://www.jstor.org/stable/40435840 ( can look in the file to see the case)
1. Choose 2 DIFFERENT CASE STUDIES FOR THE PAPER – these can be cases we discuss as long as they are from the course materials, any case study will work. NOTE: for this class a case study involves a historical event that is studied and analyzed.
2. You are to analyze both case studies chosen using
the following ethical theories FOR PAPER: Utilitarianism
3. Make sure you provide a paragraph that accurately describes the theory you will be
4. Make sure you describe the case study before you apply the theory. Uitimately, you are to determine whether the actions taken by the individuals/companies in the case studies are ethical according to the theory you have chosen to Explain.
5. Provide a general assessment of the paper: What have you learned?
This paper should be no less than 1000 words and no more than what is necessary. These papers should be well written, typed, doubled spaced, 12 point font, Times New Roman (Or equivalent font). No cover sheet needed. Include proper citation.

Influence between China and US in Southern Africa Countries

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Influence between China and US in Southern Africa Countries

The thesis needs to show how China and the US are influencing Southern African Countries. Also where the gaps are compared to other countries in Africa. The objective is to see if        China’s influence in Africa poses a threat or economic hardship to the United States. Can the United states do more in Africa to compete with China?

PROGRAM EVALUATION

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PROGRAM EVALUATION                                                     

  Evaluation of the Capstone

This capstone will be assessed somewhat differently than other courses you have taken online Your final submission will be evaluated to determine whether you have achieved proficiency in each of the MPH program outcomes. Your work is expected to meet the highest professional standards.

 

  1. Summary of Purpose Milestone One: Outline the purpose and significance of the public health policy or program and identify the overall goals of the policy or program. Your summary should include but not be limited to the following:
  2. Describe, in detail, the scope and nature of the public health issue using the five Ws of descriptive epidemiology, including the vulnerable or marginalized population or community, justifying with academic resources.
  3. Identify the social determinants of health and epidemiological patterns or trends relevant to the issue and population, justifying with data from academic resources.
  4. Summarize the benefits of the policy or program with regard to improving public health in the selected region and/or population and how it benefits the larger health system.

 

  1. Needs and Capacity Assessment Milestone One: Your needs and capacity assessment should include but not be limited to the following:
  2. Create a needs and capacity matrix, identifying resources and assets the community already has and additional resources needed to address the public health issue.
  3. Summarize the needs and capacity matrix and justify the need for this policy or program with data-based academic resources.

 

Guidelines for Submission: Milestone One should be 1–2 pages in length. Use double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, and one-inch margins, and use the latest edition of the APA manual for formatting and citations.

 

III. Logic Model Milestone two: Your logic model should include but not be limited to the following:

  1. Resources and strategies (actions) to implement the policy or program.
  2. Determine the short-, medium-, and long-term outcomes for the policy or program.
  3. Determine five assumptions and five external factors that could impact the policy or program. D. Include the key links between actions and/or outcomes that could impact the policy or program either positively or negatively.
  4. Describe the components needed to improve the health, safety, and quality of life for people in the impacted community
  5. Provide a detailed written summary of the logic model, covering an expanded description of the actions and outcomes, assumptions and external factors, key links, and stakeholder expectations.

 

Guidelines for Submission: Milestone Two should be 4–5 pages in length. Use double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, and one-inch margins, and use the latest edition of the APA manual for formatting and citations.

 

  1. Health Equity Analysis Milestone three: Use evidence-based secondary sources and knowledge gained throughout the program to further analyze the extent of the health issue. Be sure to evaluate the efficacy of the research you review. Your health equity analysis should include but not be limited to the following:
  2. Describe the extent to which the social determinants of health affect and are taken into consideration within the policy or program. How do they correlate with social justice and equity?
  3. Explain the roles social and behavioral health science frameworks, theories, concepts, or models play in order to impact behavior change, justifying with academic resources.
  4. Which theoretical framework or model does the policy or program follow? Do you agree, or would you suggest using a different one to support the work of this policy or program? Be sure to support your explanation with specific examples from credible sources.
  5. Identify an alternative viewpoint, such as a stakeholder might have, on the public health issue addressed by the policy or program, and justify evidence that would support the viewpoint. Explain a plan for addressing differing viewpoints and suggest ways the policy or program could be altered to meet the needs of both parties.

 

  1. Evaluation Milestone Three: In this section, you will define and defend the method you have chosen to evaluate your policy or program, then carry out the evaluation by answering in detail the questions appropriate for your chosen evaluation. Your evaluation should include but not be limited to the following:
  2. Explain the type of evaluation method you have chosen to evaluate your selected policy or program (formative, process, outcome, or impact), and define what goals this evaluation will meet.
  3. List the evaluation questions that will be addressed using your selected evaluation method.
  4. Provide a written evaluation by answering each question with appropriate detail.

 

  1. Final Recommendations:
  2. Describe recommendations to address health equity inadequacies for vulnerable populations or communities, considering both intended and unintended consequences that may impact the population
  3. Based on your evaluation and academic resources, provide your professional recommendations for any changes or additions to the policy or program. Be specific and justify your recommendations.
  4. Describe how the results of the policy or program would be communicated to the community for policy considerations. Remember to use layperson terms and language a patient could understand.
  5. Devise a plan to address participation challenges and secure community and stakeholder buy-in.

Guidelines for Submission: Milestone Three should be 5–7 pages. Use double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, one-inch margins, and the latest edition of the APA manual for formatting and citations.

slavery in Texas

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slavery in Texas

analyze slavery in texas with two opposing perspectives, (Sources should be peer-reviewed articles or books) 1. Describe in general the issue that is debated: For example, you may analyze the importance of this issue important to the culture, economics, political system, or social structure at the time. 2. What is the main argument in each perspective? On what points do they agree or disagree? 3. Analyze the evidence that is provided to support each thesis: What types of evidence are used? Does the evidence support the thesis? 4. How did the reading(s) change the way in which you understood the subject? 5. How are the issues presented in the reading(s) still relevant to you today? Please explain how your personal background and life experiences might influence your perspective on this topic? 6. Imagine that you have been asked to tackle a current national or global issue. How would you use the readings to help you do so?

Assignment Two: Compare and Contras

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Assignment Two: Compare and Contras

 

chose two buildings from the google drive links(the class lecture note), do not use other building in internet.

NO NOT USE THE BUILDINGS ALREADY USED IN THE EXAMPLE

total 200-250 words

CAREFULLY READ THE INSTRUCTION (I also attached the example of this assignment should look like)
For this assignment, chose two buildings from DIFFERENT eras, at least 100 years apart, we have studied. On a single page, saved as a PDF, write a (in between) 200-250 word essay that does the following (please do not use this example for your assignment: these are not buildings we have discussed in detail, but only for example purposes):

1. Introduce each building, location, date, architect, and the original use of the building. Include a photo of each. (These titles can be included in word count) Interior or exteriors can be used.

2. Describe at least TWO characteristics between the buildings that are SIMILAR. For example, “The Villa Rotunda designed by Andrea Palladio and Monticello (1571) , designed by Thomas Jefferson (beginning 1770), both have central plans with domes in the center of the building. These domes are visible from the outside and are the dominant feature of each building. Both buildings also have pedimented porch temple-front entries with classical columns across the front and are raised up on a pedestal requiring steps up to the building.” Then say WHY “The Villa Rotunda was designed by Palladio, who became influential through his “Quattro LIbri” treatise, which then became an important influence for later builders who created pattern books, which Thomas Jefferson would have known of and used in the design of his house in Virginia.”

3.Then, describe at least TWO characteristics between the buildings that are DIFFERENT. For example, “The Villa Rotunda was built in the Renaissance by Andrea Palladio, who placed four pedimented porches facing the four cardinal directions, where Monticello has only two. Monticello was built as a plantation, with enslaved people who were accommodated under the long porch-arms connected to the main house, where Villa Rotunda was built as a country respite from urban life, and originally was placed within agricultural lands.”

Your descriptions may be longer, but these are examples of how you might compare architectural elements and how they fit into context of when they were designed and built. Keep the total word count in between 200-250 words.

Please proofread your writing before submitting your final assignment! Use buildings from lectures and class. The layout is not important, as long as you have an image of both buildings side by side and the complete information. Watch your word count – it should be in between 200-250 words. Upload as a PDF on a single page. Here is an example: (attached)

Google drive link: (class lecture)
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PJP03OBhTXKxnUL5KSj6JEWVPohUMiW0/view?usp=sharing
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1nqRshaHDVrIAaKzfwrPyKzMLQwHpn0V6/view?usp=sharing
https://drive.google.com/file/d/19cc3wMaY95WoDfBlLROSNpGfsldzX6QU/view?usp=sharing
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1OgwJ6Cc4tKZbHZbEXI66MXFn0hc4VA3g/view?usp=sharing
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1iM9Xc_bDBwbrJxKqnOsWOpVz0v6PN5vK/view?usp=sharing
https://drive.google.com/file/d/17GULfDXkMwiaFQgzI4zRWOOHrDazJWxm/view?usp=sharing
https://drive.google.com/file/d/189F-PfvCGMOl-2lzxpxesNcoH3FDlITp/view?usp=sharing
https://drive.google.com/file/d/11od82ZwxxAy8w2vmIF6Sswnt7C-pggMs/view?usp=sharing
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1u2w2Ay8v7NJBSYX55wHO9rc_Fq1JMedr/view?usp=sharing

Binge eating and hormonal imbalance

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Binge eating and hormonal imbalance

Paragraph 1: Write a summary of how hormonal imbalance affects binge eating based on the article.

Paragraph 2: Explain how depression is an underlying factor of imbalanced hormones based on this article.

https://www.jmolpat.com/jmolpat-articles/hormonal-imbalance-and-hormone-regulated-issues-76485.html

literary elements

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literary elements

500+ words

MLA Style citations, header, heading

Double-spaced, 1″ margins, 12-point font, left-justified

Indent each paragraph, no extra spaces between paragraphs

Include supporting quotes from the work cited in correct MLA style.

See module for format, checklist, and rubric.

Choose one short story from The Trojan War Museum and one literary element or device to trace throughout the story and how it characterizes or enhances it. Topics might include how the use of one of the following contributes to the reader experience:

• Characterization

• Dialogue

• Setting

• Language

• Structure

• Theme

• Voice

• Tone

Suggested structure:

• Thesis

• Short plot overview

• Supporting discussion paragraphs of thesis

•Conclusion

Double-space the entire essay. Either set the spacing under FORMAT/PARAGRAPH to 2, FORMAT LINE &
PARAGRAPH SPACING 2 or highlight the entire essay and click COMMAND/2.
___ Use a paragraph indent for every new paragraph.
___ Use the correct heading (double-spaced). In Google docs: In the top left, click Insert. Header & page
number. Choose Header or Footer. Enter text for the header or footer. In Word: Click on the Insert tab.
Click on Page Number in the Header & Footer group. Choose the location of the page number (top right of the
page). Put your last name to the left of the page #. Click below the Header to get out and move to the actual
page. In some programs, the header will not show on the page but will be a header tab out to the right and will
show when printed. Pages will number automatically.
Your last name 1
Your name

Day Month Year (no commas)
___ The entire essay must be written in present verb tense as if observations are being shown NOW.
___ Do not use 1st or 2nd person (except in a quote) in a literary analysis.
___ Use 1” margins, 12-point font, and left justify.
___ Use Times New Roman or Arial Font.
___ Check the number of words required. (Rule of thumb: each double-spaced page is about 250 words). 500
___ DO NOT UPLOAD ANY FORMAT EXCEPT doc, docx, or pdf. Text may not preserve your format. Apple programs will
save in these formats, so do not send PAGES format.
___ All assignments are designed to upload into Turnitin.com to check for plagiarism, so turn in original work to avoid a
zero or any other BC disciplinary actions listed in the honor code.

Research 2 global feminist movements

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Research 2 global feminist movements

To research 2 global feminist movements, and connect it to the material covered during the course of the semester (via text, online readings and class lecture).

Choose two global women’s movements per the Basu book, “Women’s Movements in the Global Era,” you’re interested in researching. You will compare and contrast their experiences and struggles as well as compare it to the struggles, issues and victories women in the United States have faced since the 1848 through the present. NOTE: You need not discuss the first, second and third waves of feminism in full – you are simply to connect the two global movements to feminism in the United States where applicable
Your paper should discuss the following for each global social movement:
Sociohistorical and political context, including a brief historical background on the countries you’re covering.
The status and roles of women in the past and currently.
Key struggles or issues in the past and present.
The names and contributions of at least 2 feminists per country = 4 total at minimum.
Include at least 2 timely news articles within the last 5 years that convey contemporary key issues as indicated above. These 2 news articles in total are not included in the minimum number of citations listed below.
Compare and contrast the two movements and connect them to US feminism where applicable. How are they similar? How are they different?
Use the appropriate terms and concepts learned in class this semester where applicable.
NOTE: Your analysis should incorporate the appropriate terms and concepts learned in class.

Your citations must include a minimum of 4 – 5 additional credible sources, not including the Basu text or the two timely news articles mentioned above. Examples: books or scholarly, peer-reviewed journal articles (3 must be peer-reviewed journal articles).
Please see the librarian for assistance, if you need additional assistance aside from our library time as a class.
For more on scholarly, peer-reviewed journal articles, see here: http://library.sdsu.edu/reference/research/peer-reviewed-articles Links to an external site.
You must format your paper and citations according to the ASA Style Guide: ASA Style Guide: ttps://www.asanet.org/sites/default/files/savvy/documents/teaching/pdfs/Quick_Tips_for_ASA_Style.pdf Links to an external site.
Your personal opinions, experiences and insight are welcomed in your analysis as long as your statements are supported.
Your paper should be a minimum of 8 – 9 pages, typed, double-spaced with 1-inch margins utilizing Times New Roman in 12 –point font.