Chapter 14: Data Collection, Testing and Observation

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Chapter 14: Data Collection, Testing and Observation

Chapter 15: Data Collection, Interviewing

Read Chapter 14 & 15 

Discussion # 5 

Friendly reminder – Phase 3 is due

Discussion Question #5 (Assignment worth 1 point)

What are the challenges encountered in data collection as it applies to research? What are the types of interview technique when interviewing participants? List your preferences and tell us why?

*Remember APA guidelines regarding references and citations in your discussion posts.

Book:

Publication Manual American Psychological Association (APA) (7th ed.). 2020. ISBN-13:978-1433832161. ISBN-10: 143383216X

Ruth M. Tappen. (2015). Nursing Research. Advanced Nursing Research: From Theory to Practice. (2nd ed.). ISBN-13: 9781284048308. ISBN-10: 1284048306. Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Learning

Analyze the potential effectiveness resulting from professional or nurse-provided social support versus enhancement of social support provided by personal relationships and social networks for parents of children with chronic mental illness.

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Analyze the potential effectiveness resulting from professional or nurse-provided social support versus enhancement of social support provided by personal relationships and social networks for parents of children with chronic mental illness.

Please include 400 words in your initial post with two scholarly articles

Discuss Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Work-up, Nonpharmacological and Pharmacological management, Education, and Follow-up for a pediatric diagnosis or pediatric care consideration. 500 words or less for the initial post.

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Discuss Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Work-up, Nonpharmacological and Pharmacological management, Education, and Follow-up for a pediatric diagnosis or pediatric care consideration. 500 words or less for the initial post. For peer posts and subsequent posts under the initial discussion board thread add in second and third line treatments and additional considerations (250 word maximum for responses). Example requirement, only evidence-based sources, such as AAFP, CDC, IDSA, ADA, JNC 8 etc. (textbook resources and internet sites affiliated with medical associations are considered credible sources to obtain the information on the most up to date guidelines). Add in the link to the guideline(s) within the discussion board for further reading by your peers.

 Discuss the importance of advocacy as it pertains to patient care. What is the nurse’s role in patient advocacy?

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Discuss the importance of advocacy as it pertains to patient care. What is the nurse’s role in patient advocacy? Describe a situation in which you were involved with patient advocacy. Explain what the advocacy accomplished for the patient, and what the repercussions would have been if the patient would not have had an advocate.

APA Format

min 3 resources

 Assessment Description

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Assessment Description

Discuss how professional nursing organizations support the field of nursing and how they advocate for nursing practice. Explain the value professional nursing organizations have in advocacy and activism related to patient care.

APA FORMAT

MIN OF 3 RESOURCE

Examine the importance of professional associations in nursing

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Examine the importance of professional associations in nursing. Choose a professional nursing organization that relates to your specialty area, or a specialty area in which you are interested. In a 750‐1,000 word paper, provide a detailed overview the organization and its advantages for members. Include the following:

1. Describe the organization and its significance to nurses in the specialty area. Include its purpose, mission, and vision. Describe the overall benefits, or “perks,” of being a member.

2. Explain why it is important for a nurse in this specialty field to network. Discuss how this organization creates networking opportunities for nurses.

3. Discuss how the organization keeps its members informed of health care changes and changes to practice that affect the specialty area.

4.  Discuss opportunities for continuing education and professional development.

You are required to cite a minimum of three sources to complete this assignment. Sources must be appropriate for the assignment and relevant to nursing practice.

A group of nurses working in a community health center were unsure how to answer questions from patients about appropriate means of cleansing children’s wounds in home setting

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  1. Lace tested the effectiveness of alternative types of messages in encouraging the elderly to come forward for a flu vaccination. All members of a senior citizens’ center in a middle-sized community (a total of 504 elderly men and women) were sent a letter advising them a flu epidemic was anticipated and the elderly were especially likely to benefit from an immunization. Half the members were sent a letter stressing the benefits of getting a flu shot (the benefit letter group). The other half were sent a letter stressing the potential dangers of not getting a flu shot (the danger letter group). To avoid any biases, a lottery-type system was used to determine who got which letter. Both letters advised the elders of free immunizations being available at a community health clinic over a 1-week period and free transportation would be made available to them. Rates of coming forward for a flu shot among the two groups of elders were monitored to assess whether one approach of encouragement was more persuasive than the other. Results revealed a higher percentage of elderly in the “benefit letter” group obtained a flu shot than the elders in the “danger letter” group.
    1. Discuss in one paragraph whether and how, this study addressed a research purpose linked to evidence-based practice. (10 points)
    2. In what ways could the researcher have enhanced this study by including a qualitative component? (One paragraph, 10 points)

ANSWER:

1. a.

1. b.

  1. A group of nurses working in a community health center were unsure how to answer questions from patients about appropriate means of cleansing children’s wounds in home settings. Most nurses felt sterile saline should be recommended to minimize the risk of infection, but others believed tap water was adequate for cleansing acute wounds. The nurses decided to examine the evidence and located a systematic review in the Cochrane database. Among the studies conducted, the review concluded there were no differences in rates of infection or healing between the use of tap water and sterile saline in the cleansing of wounds. However, a few of the studies had involved children, and most had been conducted in health care settings. The nurses decided to initiate a new study to gather more focused and informative evidence about the effects of saline solution versus tap water in cleansing children’s wounds.
    1. Discuss which aspects of the Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice to Promote Quality Care could be completed as part of this project. (One paragraph, 10 points)
    2. What activities could the nurses undertake to conform to the Iowa Model? (One paragraph, 10 points)

ANSWER:

2. a.

2. b.

  1. In urban ghettos, active participation in the community’s social and economic life for elderly residents is dangerous and potentially life-threatening. This study explored how elders survived in the midst of crime-ridden, inner-city neighborhoods, and how they coped with the social isolation often resulting when public spaces and streets were unsafe. The study was undertaken over a 3-year period in a low-income Baltimore neighborhood known citywide for its “drug warfare.” Data were collected by observing elders in a senior center, by talking with them in-depth in the center and in their homes, by having conversations with the elders’ family members and with staff at the senior center, and by observing life on the streets. The findings indicated fear filled the lives of most elders, who almost never ventured from their homes without a specific (and local) destination. The center served as an important refuge from loneliness and was viewed as a critical ingredient in maintaining positive mental health, especially for elders who had no family living in the neighborhood.
    1. Several of the findings suggested concepts that could be operationalized and measured in a quantitative study.  Identify at least two concepts and explain in broad terms a possible strategy to operationalize them (one paragraph, 10 points).

ANSWER:

3. a.

Lace tested the effectiveness of alternative types of messages in encouraging the elderly to come forward for a flu vaccination

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  1. Lace tested the effectiveness of alternative types of messages in encouraging the elderly to come forward for a flu vaccination. All members of a senior citizens’ center in a middle-sized community (a total of 504 elderly men and women) were sent a letter advising them a flu epidemic was anticipated and the elderly were especially likely to benefit from an immunization. Half the members were sent a letter stressing the benefits of getting a flu shot (the benefit letter group). The other half were sent a letter stressing the potential dangers of not getting a flu shot (the danger letter group). To avoid any biases, a lottery-type system was used to determine who got which letter. Both letters advised the elders of free immunizations being available at a community health clinic over a 1-week period and free transportation would be made available to them. Rates of coming forward for a flu shot among the two groups of elders were monitored to assess whether one approach of encouragement was more persuasive than the other. Results revealed a higher percentage of elderly in the “benefit letter” group obtained a flu shot than the elders in the “danger letter” group.
    1. Discuss in one paragraph whether and how, this study addressed a research purpose linked to evidence-based practice. (10 points)
    2. In what ways could the researcher have enhanced this study by including a qualitative component? (One paragraph, 10 points)

ANSWER:

1. a.

1. b.

  1. A group of nurses working in a community health center were unsure how to answer questions from patients about appropriate means of cleansing children’s wounds in home settings. Most nurses felt sterile saline should be recommended to minimize the risk of infection, but others believed tap water was adequate for cleansing acute wounds. The nurses decided to examine the evidence and located a systematic review in the Cochrane database. Among the studies conducted, the review concluded there were no differences in rates of infection or healing between the use of tap water and sterile saline in the cleansing of wounds. However, a few of the studies had involved children, and most had been conducted in health care settings. The nurses decided to initiate a new study to gather more focused and informative evidence about the effects of saline solution versus tap water in cleansing children’s wounds.
    1. Discuss which aspects of the Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice to Promote Quality Care could be completed as part of this project. (One paragraph, 10 points)
    2. What activities could the nurses undertake to conform to the Iowa Model? (One paragraph, 10 points)

ANSWER:

2. a.

2. b.

  1. In urban ghettos, active participation in the community’s social and economic life for elderly residents is dangerous and potentially life-threatening. This study explored how elders survived in the midst of crime-ridden, inner-city neighborhoods, and how they coped with the social isolation often resulting when public spaces and streets were unsafe. The study was undertaken over a 3-year period in a low-income Baltimore neighborhood known citywide for its “drug warfare.” Data were collected by observing elders in a senior center, by talking with them in-depth in the center and in their homes, by having conversations with the elders’ family members and with staff at the senior center, and by observing life on the streets. The findings indicated fear filled the lives of most elders, who almost never ventured from their homes without a specific (and local) destination. The center served as an important refuge from loneliness and was viewed as a critical ingredient in maintaining positive mental health, especially for elders who had no family living in the neighborhood.
    1. Several of the findings suggested concepts that could be operationalized and measured in a quantitative study.  Identify at least two concepts and explain in broad terms a possible strategy to operationalize them (one paragraph, 10 points).

ANSWER:

3. a.

EVIDENCE BASED TABLE FORM

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EVIDENCE BASED TABLE FORM

Samuel Allen

 

Article numberTitle of article, Author, Year

 

SettingSample Size and TypeLevel of EvidenceStudy FindingsLimitationsOutcomesOther info
1Combinations of physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep duration and their associations with depressive symptom and other mental health problems in children and adolescents: a systematic review

 

Year: 2020

 

Authors: Sampasa-Kanyinga, H., Colman, I., Goldfield, G. S., Janssen, I., Wang, J., Podinic, I., Tremblay, M. S., Saunders, T. J., Sampson, M., & Chaput, J.-P.

 

School of Epidemiology and Public Health & Healthy Acute Living and Obesity Research Group in Canada13 cross sectional studies. Involved 115,540 children and adolescents in 12 countries.

 

Inclusion criteria involved all three:

Physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep duration

1If they met all three inclusion criteria it was associated with significantly lower odds of depression among adolescents compared with meeting one or any combination of two of them.

 

Excessive screen time and mental health problems may be direct or indirect. Direct pathways can affect interpersonal relationships or direct cognitive effects creating low emotional stability. Indirect pathways could be observed through insufficient sleep, and unhealthy eating habits.

The articles used for this study were only published in English or French.

 

Many of the studies only used a single item measure of mental health problems (e.g., depressive symptoms) which could raise validity and reliability issues.

 

The quality of evidence assessed using GRADE was “very low” quality mainly because of cross sectional nature.

The findings are favorable between meeting all three recommendations and better mental health among children and adolescents when compared with meeting none of the recommendations.

 

Meeting the screen time and sleep duration recommendations appeared to be associated with more mental health benefits then meeting the physical activity recommendation.

n/a
2Screen time and Mental Health Among Adolescents Implications of the Rise in Digital Environment in South Africa

 

Year: 2022

 

Authors: Ranjit, K., Ntlantsana, V., Tomita, A., & Paruk, S.

Three public school in South Africa187 students of whom most were female (142) from grades 8 to 11.

 

Cross sectional study, descriptive, quantitative, self-administered questionnaire.

IVFifty participants (27.9%) reported depressive symptoms with PHQ-9 of 5-9, 29 (16.2%) had scores from 10-14, and 21 (11.7%) had scores of 15 or more indicating severe depression.

 

Found higher overall screen time to be significantly associated with greater likelihood of depression

 

Mean screen time during the weekdays were 2.1 hours/day and mean screen time during the weekend was 4.7 hours/day

Include the cross sectional design which only assessed screen use at one point but may change with circumstances, such as the pandemic lockdown period.

 

Sample size was limited and a low response /attrition rate.

 

Self-reporting by participates may be subjective and include underreporting or over reporting of screen time and depressive symptoms

Found a significant role of screen time during the weekend on depression and conduct symptoms.

 

Also found out that greater weekend cell phone use was significantly associated with lower prosocial behaviors.

n/a
3Association of Children’s Physical Activity and Screen Time with Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic

 

Year: 2021

 

Authors: Tandon, P.S., Zhou, C., Johnson, A. M., Gonzalez, E. S., & Kroshus, E.

A market research company (YouGov)

By the institutional review board of Seattle Children Hospital in Seattle Washington

1000 school aged children from 11-17

 

A cross – sectional study using the test-retest reliability

IVAverage age of the study was 11 with 517 (52.6%) being boys and 467 (47.4%) girls.

 

Overall 143 children (13.7%) were diagnosed or undergoing evaluation for anxiety; 110 (10.4%) for depression; 160 (15.0%) for ADHD & 116(11.4%) a behavioral problem.

 

Only 24% of children in this study met the recommendation for 60 minutes per day of physical activity.

Include the fact that all data were collected by the parent or child report and are subject to biases

 

Unable to discern whether mental health diagnoses started before or during the pandemic.

More physical activity and less screen time were associated with better mental health for children accounting for the stressors of the pandemic.

Children who were exposed to more pandemic related stressors engaged in less physical activity and more screen time then peers who were less exposed.

n/a
4Screen Time Use Among US Adolescents During the COVID- 19 Pandemic

 

Year: 2022

 

Authors: Jason Nagata MD, Catherine Cortez, Chloe Cattle, Kyle Ganson PHD, Puja Iyer, Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo PHD & Fiona C. Baker PHD.

Online; COVID-19 Response Research Release from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development obtained from the University of California, San Diego5412 adolescents included in the sample

Including 50.7% female and 49.3% male as well as racial and ethically diverse.

 

A cross sectional study

IVAdolescents reported a mean of 7.70 (5.74) hours/day of screen use, mostly spent on watching or streaming videos, movies or television shows (2.45 hours/day), multiple player gaming (2.21 hours/day, and single player gaming (1.82 hours/day).

 

 

Limitations involve whether this greater mental health disparities are partly driven by assess to financial resources and digital media education.

 

Limitations also include the use of self-reported data.

Poorer mental health and greater perceived stress were associated with higher total screen use, while more social support and coping behaviors were associated with lower total screen use.n/a
5Impact on adolescent mental health of replacing screen-use with exercise: A prospective cohort study

 

Year: 2022

 

Authors: AaronKandola, Borja del Pozo Cruz, Joseph F. Hayes Neville Owen David W. Dunstan, & Mats Hallgren

 

They used time-use diary data at age 14 to estimate daily screen use (television, social media, & video games) and exercise (team sport and individual exercise). The outcome

was emotional distress at age 17, assessed using the emotional symptoms subscale of the

Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.

4,599 adolescents (55% female)

at the age of 14 years old.

 

A prospective cohort/

longitudinal study

IVTheoretically replacing 60 minutes of total screen time with exercise at age 14 was associated

with a 0.05 (95%CI -0.08, -0.02) score reduction on the emotional symptoms’ subscale at 17in fully-adjusted models. Replacing 60 minutes of television or social media use with team

sports was associated with a reduction of 0.17 (95%CI, -0.31, -0.04) and 0.15 (95%CI, -0.29,

-0.01) in emotional symptom scores, respectively. We found no change in emotional

symptom scores when replacing video game or general computer use with team sport, or when replacing any screen time with individual exercise.

No direct measure of depressive symptoms at follow-up.Replacing any screen time with exercise could reduce emotional distress, but the largest effect sizes were associated with replacing time in television watching and social media with team sports. Recommendations to limit screen-use in adolescents may require a nuanced

approach for protecting mental health.

n/a
6Associations between screen time and lower psychological well-being among children and adolescents: Evidence from a population-based study.

 

Year: 2018

 

Authors: Jean Twenge & Keith Campbell

Based on the 2016 census random families were selected and survey was administered online or in paper44, 734 children between the ages of 2-17 years of age

 

It is cross sectional randomized population based study

IVAmong 14- to 17-year-olds, high users of screens (7+ h/day vs. low users of 1 h/day) were more than twice as likely to ever have been diagnosed with

depression (RR 2.39, 95% CI 1.54, 3.70), ever diagnosed with anxiety (RR 2.26, CI 1.59, 3.22), treated by a mental health professional (RR 2.22, CI 1.62, 3.03) or have taken medication for a psychological or behavioral issue (RR 2.99, CI 1.94, 4.62) in the last 12 months. M

First, screen time was

reported by caregivers and not the children or adolescents themselves.

 

Also, the well-being

measures may be influenced by caregivers’ perceptions and may under-

report issues that children do not disclose to their parents.

After 1 h/day of use, more hours of daily screen time were associated with lower psychological well-being,

including less curiosity, lower self-control, more distractibility, more difficulty making friends, less emotional stability, being more difficult to care for, and inability

to finish tasks.

n/a
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         

 

 

 

 

References:

Kandola, A. Pozo Cruz, B., Hayes, J. F., Owen, N., Dunstan, D. W. & Hallgren, M. (2021). Impact on adolescent mental health of replacing screen-use with exercise: A prospective cohort study. Journal of Affective Disorders 301, 240-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.064

Nagata, J. M., Cortez, C. A., Cattle, C. J., Ganson, K. T., Iyer, P., Bibbins-Domingo, K., & Baker, F. C. (2022). Screen Time Use Among US Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. JAMA Pediatrics, 176(1), 94–96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.4334

Ranjit, K., Ntlantsana, V., Tomita, A., & Paruk, S. (2022). Screen Time and Mental Health Among Adolescents: Implications of the Rise in Digital Environment in South Africa. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 210(6), 454–461. https://doi-org.10.1097/NMD.0000000000001509

Sampasa-Kanyinga, H., Colman, I., Goldfield, G. S., Janssen, I., Wang, J., Podinic, I., Tremblay, M. S., Saunders, T. J., Sampson, M., & Chaput, J.-P. (2020). Combinations of physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep duration and their associations with depressive symptoms and other mental health problems in children and adolescents: a systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition & Physical Activity, 17(1), 1–16. https://doi-org.10.1186/s12966-020-00976

Tandon, P. S., Zhou, C., Johnson, A. M., Gonzalez, E. S., & Kroshus, E. (2021). Association of Children’s Physical Activity and Screen Time With Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Network Open, 4(10), e2127892. https://doi-org./10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.27892

Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2018). Associations between screen time and lower psychological well-being among children and adolescents: Evidence from a population-based study. Preventive Medicine Reports, 12, 271–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.10.003

LOVE’S INCONSISTENCY

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  1. You will act as a critic for some of the main subjects covered in the humanities. You will conduct a series of short, evaluative critiques of film, philosophy, literature, music, and myth. You will respond to five different prompts, and each response should include an analysis of the topics using terminology unique to that subject area and should include an evaluation as to why the topic stands the test of time. The five prompts are as follows:

    1: Choose a film and offer an analysis of why it is an important film, and discuss it in terms of film as art. Your response should be more than a summary of the film.
    2: Imagine you had known Plato and Aristotle and you had a conversation about how we fall in love. Provide an overview of how Plato would explain falling in love, and then provide an overview of how Aristotle might explain falling in love.
    3: Compare and contrast the two poems below:

    1 LOVE’S INCONSISTENCY
    I find no peace, and all my war is done;
    I fear and hope, I burn and freeze likewise
    I fly above the wind, yet cannot rise;
    And nought I have, yet all the world I seize on;
    That looseth, nor locketh, holdeth me in prison, And holds me not, yet can I ’scape no wise;
    Nor lets me live, nor die, at my devise,
    And yet of death it giveth none occasion.
    Without eyes I see, and without tongue I plain;
    I wish to perish, yet I ask for health;
    I love another, and yet I hate myself;
    I feed in sorrow, and laugh in all my pain;
    Lo, thus displeaseth me both death and life,
    And my delight is causer of my grief.
    Petrarch
    After great pain a formal feeling comes—
    The nerves sit ceremonious like tombs;
    The stiff Heart questions—was it He that bore?
    And yesterday—or centuries before?
    The feet mechanical go round
    A wooden way
    Of ground or air or ought
    Regardless grown,
    A quartz contentment like a stone.
    This is the hour of lead
    Remembered if outlived
    As freezing persons recollect
    The snow—
    First chill, then stupor, then
    The letting go
    Emily Dickinson

    4: Compare and contrast these two pieces of music:
    Beethoven’s Violin Romance No. 2Scott Joplin’s Maple Leaf Rag5: Explain in classical terms why a modern character is a hero. Choose from either Luke Skywalker, Indiana Jones, Bilbo Baggins, Harry Potter, Katniss Everdeen, or Ender Wiggins.

    You will conduct a series of short, evaluative critiques of film, philosophy, literature, music, and myth. You will respond to five different prompts, and each response should include an analysis of the topics using terminology unique to that subject area and should include an evaluation as to why the topic stands the test of time. The five prompts are as follows:

    1: Choose a film and offer an analysis of why it is an important film, and discuss it in terms of film as art. Your response should be more than a summary of the film.
    2: Imagine you had known Plato and Aristotle and you had a conversation about how we fall in love. Provide an overview of how Plato would explain falling in love, and then provide an overview of how Aristotle might explain falling in love.
    3: Compare and contrast the two poems below:

    1 LOVE’S INCONSISTENCY
    I find no peace, and all my war is done;
    I fear and hope, I burn and freeze likewise
    I fly above the wind, yet cannot rise;
    And nought I have, yet all the world I seize on;
    That looseth, nor locketh, holdeth me in prison, And holds me not, yet can I ’scape no wise;
    Nor lets me live, nor die, at my devise,
    And yet of death it giveth none occasion.
    Without eyes I see, and without tongue I plain;
    I wish to perish, yet I ask for health;
    I love another, and yet I hate myself;
    I feed in sorrow, and laugh in all my pain;
    Lo, thus displeaseth me both death and life,
    And my delight is causer of my grief.
    Petrarch

  2. After great pain a formal feeling comes—
    The nerves sit ceremonious like tombs;
    The stiff Heart questions—was it He that bore?
    And yesterday—or centuries before?
    The feet mechanical go round
    A wooden way
    Of ground or air or ought
    Regardless grown,
    A quartz contentment like a stone.
    This is the hour of lead
    Remembered if outlived
    As freezing persons recollect
    The snow—
    First chill, then stupor, then
    The letting go
    Emily Dickinson

    4: Compare and contrast these two pieces of music:
    Beethoven’s Violin Romance No. 2Scott Joplin’s Maple Leaf Rag5: Explain in classical terms why a modern character is a hero. Choose from either Luke Skywalker, Indiana Jones, Bilbo Baggins, Harry Potter, Katniss Everdeen, or Ender Wiggins.