Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein

Instructions
Reading Response! 700-1000 words, with a clear thesis and textual support. The task is an analytical argument: build a focused, concise argument about how a particular element of a particular text is employing the figure of the monster, and what ideas and/or cultural values are being expressed through that representation.  Focus on a single primary text from our readings/films since the last reading response (that is, from week five to present: Frankenstein, Dracula, Jekyll & Hyde, “Company of Wolves,” House, Us, Last Man on Earth, or World War Z). The topics are open-ended and should be further explorations of the course readings, but not just reiterations of class discussion. Choose a particular issue of a text you’d like to analyze and stick to the topic. No summaries or generalized statements of preference (“I like it” or “I don’t like it”)! Be thoughtful — and make use of Cohen, Freud or Halberstam to inform your argument. 

Introduction

A Gothic novel written in first-person narrative, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein novel incorporates gothic elements and is fully vivid via the character known as the Monster. Gothic elements heavily characterize the story to help the reader understand the Monster in the novel (Shelley, 42). Among them are supernatural elements, secretive and mysterious events, setting in isolated and ancient locations, and psychological undercurrents. Indeed, the novel’s characterization, setting, and subject matter reveal that at large, the Monster is a representation of Victor’s conscience, which, in other words, it’s Victor’s ego-personality (Shelley, 36). This paper thoroughly discusses how Gothic elements in Frankenstein Novel by Shelley create the Monster character and further bridge the supernatural and mortal world.

In Frankenstein’s novel, the five gothic elements are a mystery and suspense atmosphere, castle setting, an ancient prophecy linked with castle, omens, vision, portents, and overwrought emotions and distress women. Indeed, throughout the novel, Shelley uses critical elements to present the Monster’s most significant endeavors (Shelley, 47). Throughout the story, a reader would note how Shelly shows darkness and wild landscapes and denotes unnatural and mysterious events to convey decay and horror via the Monster character. Besides, even when introducing the narrators, the Monster, Walton, and Victor, who are well-read and intelligent, one still understands the prevailing gothic elements.

The gothic elements and nature of the Monster in Frankenstein enhance the overall meaning of the horror scenes. The isolation character, the Monster, is presented in the novel in a gloomy setting throughout. Raised in sublime nature, the Monster appears more bizarre. Besides, the introduction of gothic elements and fully shown through the Monster character makes the various scenes more intense for the reader (Cohen, 44). The reader hence notes the prevailing vengeful spirit and the looming presence of the monster. The looming scene also remains more terrifying in the third chapter.  It occurs when Victor is sitting and contemplating on Scotland Island, where he refuses to be the Monster’s companion. Generally, the scene happening in the dark setting indicates that the Monster’s position as a character is more intense if placed in a gloomy and dark environment. A grandeur and awe sense is witnessed when the Monster appears in Gothic nature.

Shelly thoroughly focuses on supernatural and supernatural elements to create the Monster. Precisely, Frankenstein’s novel employs gothic elements; among them are supernatural elements to raise the dead and necessitates macabre research (Shelley, 49). The latter makes the reader question their opinions and thoughts about scientific experimentation. Additionally, Frankenstein uses a castle setting based on the European continent. Many of the readers have not been in the region. Also, the reader notes the gloom and mystery setting throughout the scenes among them are raising the dead (Cohen, 47). The Frankenstein novel thoroughly creates strange feelings towards its audience. The feeling of raising the dead makes average readers wince in terror and disbelief. The additional scene creates a strange feeling to the reader include Victor, who wanders along with the Orkney and Ingolstadt Islands in the dark, searching for body parts. It depicts a revulsion sense evoking the reader’s dread feeling on the Monster character in the story.

Through the Monster character and various scenes throughout the story, a reader is a bridge between the supernatural and mortal world. In Frankenstein, the Monster has communication between his creator and himself. The latter occurs because the Monster continuously appears where Victor is mainly (Shelley, 51). Additionally, the Monster rampantly moves within superhuman speed in Victor’s direction, and further matches him while chasing the North Pole.

In conclusion, Mary Shelly, throughout the novel, uses Gothic elements to depict the Monster’s representation of Victor’s ego-personality and his conscience and how the Monster bridges between the supernatural and mortal world. The major gothic elements incorporated in the novel are the dark castle setting and wild landscapes that fully denote unnatural and mysterious events. Other than conveying decay, they indicate horror sense via the Monster character. Besides, the introduction of gothic elements and fully shown through the Monster character makes the various scenes more intense for the reader. The reader hence notes the prevailing vengeful spirit and the looming presence of the monster and how the Monster is a symbol of Victor’s ego-personality and conscience and further helps the audience understand the significant bridges between the mortal and supernatural world.

 

Works Cited

Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome. “Monster culture (seven theses).” Classic Readings on Monster Theory. ARC, Amsterdam University Press, 2018. 43-54.

Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. CRC Press, (1818): 35-52.

 

 

The Impact of Class on Exposure to the Consequences of Climate Change and Mental Health Outcomes

Literature Review on the Impact of Class on Exposure to the Consequences of Climate Change and Mental Health Outcomes

Climate change serves as one of the greatest problems in the contemporary world. [1]Its consequences are exposed to all biological subjects and members of the middle and lower classes. Precisely, heat waves, rising temperatures, tornadoes, floods, hurricanes, glaciers, and droughts are the major outcomes of climate change, which indirectly or directly impact human pathology. While using literature present in EMBASE and PubMed to facilitate their research, the authors argued that the impact of climate change among members of different classes resulted in higher cases of mental health reported in healthcare premises such as depression, aggressive behaviors, and mood disorder and anxiety schizophrenia among others. Indeed, climate change effects are adversely witnessed by low-income personnel who further experience vast public health threats. Low-class individuals are more likely to suffer mentally from climate change as; they lack access to information, resources, and protection. Climate change affects rampantly the category of people identified above, indirect or direct, long-term or short-term. The authors also noted that the effects of climate change ranged from minimal distress and stress symptoms to various clinical disorders in addition to sleep disturbances and communities and a person’s capacity to cope, respond, or understand the implications of climate change.

Correspondingly, climate change effects, as noted, include a rise in the intensity of extreme weather patterns frequency, precipitation, and a rise in sea levels. These factors threaten human mental health as it deters food, air, water, and weather. [2]The outcomes of climate change also affect a population depending on their economic level, age, gender, and behaviors, in addition to the level of climate change hazards. As noted also, individuals in developing nations such as India, Jamaica, Namibia, and the Democratic Republic of Congo, among others, are likely to be affected rampantly by the effects of climate change; However, it has been proven that climate change’s vast outcomes also affect nations such as the United States of America, which is a developed nation. The major population group vastly affected by the effects of climate change depending on their class includes pregnant women, children, people with low income, and older adults. The latter has indeed affected their mental health, with some in healthcare reporting arguing that the effects of climate change, such as drought, have ported their suicidal thought.

Also, while using a systematic review, it was noted that climate change, such as warmer temperatures, results in unhealthy ground ozone levels. [3]Therefore, people, especially those in developing nations and residing in sub-Saharan Africa experiencing higher ground ozone levels, are at higher risks of experiencing mental health concerns and dying at the early life stage or getting admitted to healthcare premises due to respiratory issues. As noted, warmer temperatures damage lung tissues which reduce the function of the lung and airway inflame. Besides resulting in high depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances, it also results in lung diseases and aggravates asthma. In developing nations, warmer temperatures are heavily affected by older adults, children, outdoor workers, and humans with chronic lung diseases such as asthma. Also, in rare cases, members of developed nations are affected by the vast effects of climate change as they have access to various resources, equipment, and information critical for managing climate change. Also, the authors note that particulate matter changes have resulted in higher cases of mental health concerns being reported in healthcare premises and higher vases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and cardiovascular disease, which, when left untreated, leads to death.

Climate change results in extreme climate change. [4]Climate change results in extreme levels of precipitation, storms, droughts, and flooding, which threatens an individual’s overall health. Among the most categories of people affected by the extreme temperature are individuals living with disabilities, children, personnel with medical conditions, and older adults. Extreme weather events reduce drinking water and safer food availability. Also, it damages bridges and roads and thus disrupting a person’s access to pharmacies and hospitals. Low-income people are more likely to be affected by damaged bridges and roads as members of higher social class can access their respective healthcare premises via other means of transport such as air transport. Additionally, low-income society members’ inexperience disrupted communication and the effects of carbon monoxide poisoning. The effects of extreme weather events such as intestinal and stomach illness from unsafe food and drinking water may result in individuals reporting higher cases of sleep disturbances, anxiety, insomnia, depression and eating disorders and, post-traumatic stress disorder. Precisely, older adults living with disabilities and with low-income levels are more likely to experience health risks associated with climate change effects such as extreme weather events.

Rising temperatures result in rampant cases of vectorborne diseases, with individuals affected indicating eating and anxiety disorders. [5]Their report argues that rising temperature results in vectorborne diseases, which in most cases affects the poorest population. Vectorborne diseases are transmitted by fleas, mosquitoes, and ticks and cause diseases such as headache, fever, and fatigue that deters one’s mental health. Also, members from developing nations are likely to suffer from vector-borne diseases due to their cultural and socioeconomic conditions, lack of healthcare access, and overall response to vector-borne diseases. Besides, while incorporating research from Public Health Infrastructure Programs, individuals reporting several cases of depression and anxiety disorders have experienced the vast outcome of climate change, such as rising temperature promoting the vast spread of vectorborne disease. Indeed, climate change-sensitive diseases are higher in developing nations that heavily interfere with their mental well-being. Additionally, according to the authors, climate change effects result in cases of floods that result in water-oriented illnesses. They suffer both physically and psychologically to manage the viruses, bacteria, and parasites resulting from the adverse impact of flooding.

A change in an individual’s surroundings or physical health results in the adverse outcome on their mental health. [6]For instance, experiencing adverse weather patterns or events leads to stress and other mental health outcomes, especially if they lose their property or loved ones. Studies have shown that weather events such as extreme heat result in mental illness among individuals. Additionally, extreme weather events cause a person to perceive climate change threats, which influences their stress responses and overall mental health. According to the above authors, the higher groups of people who experience the adverse outcomes of climate change are low-income populations and persons living with a disability. The vulnerable category involves ethnic and racial groups, limited English proficiency, and immigrants. The majority of the group are at higher exposures to the effects of climate change, with central factors situated on their socioeconomic status and pre-existing medical conditions.

On the other hand, the long-term mental health of the population irrespective of their class level depends on the ecological biosphere and physical system function and stability, which, however, are disrupted by climate change. [7]Climate change in human peril affects the humans life process based on its adverse impact on the natural system, putting pressure on economic standards and activities and human survival techniques. Global climate change has a burgeoning effect on mental health. Climate changes cause toxicological risks to humans’ health. Therefore, the authors note that it is essential for respective bodies to identify and analyze climate change complexity which life directly depends on particularly. The respective bodies have the mandate to understand that climate change is a vast environmental health hazard spectrum and ways human beings would encounter or prevent climate change. Climate change more so affects the middle and lower-class population. They are exposed heavily to large environmental risks as climate change interferes with their biosphere functioning and stability. Scientists, for instance, should note the complexity of climate change based on the set climate change mechanisms and its impact on human health. To fully incorporate the right prevent or limit measures to climate change, the authors argue that is it essential to understand the major causes of climate change which relies on the emission or depletion amount and its outcome to biosphere components such as soil erosion and freshwater depletion resulting to mental health issues among humans.

Also, climate change effects on the vast mental health cases continue accelerating and have an indirect, direct, and overarching impact on the marginalized groups. Therefore, there is a need to create strategies and interventions to curb the terrible effects of climate change on mental health. Human health rampantly faces the adverse effects of climate change. [8]While incorporating the impact of climate change in 2017, the authors above noted that climate change has a potentially unequivocal and irreversible impact on human health. Climate change is a dangerous hazard that causes mental health issues and death and mortality and heat-oriented morbidity, malaria, and dengue fever. While defining mental health as mental illness and mental disorders and mental problems, the authors noted that mental health also involves a mental wellness state, psychological well-being, and emotional resilience. Also, they noted that due to health inequality, climate change affected the majority of the marginalized groups based on employment, socioeconomic status, race, gender, education, and culture. Thus, to manage the effect of climate change on mental health, the authors in their discussion notes there should be much attention paid to the topic of climate change and mental health. They argue that it is critical for the scientific association between meteorological and greenhouse gas emission personnel to note the relationship between the two to understand the latter. Additionally, they must note the adverse effects of climate change on an individual recovery ranging from the crisis, post-impact, and recovery phases.

 

 

Bibliography

Abel, David W., Tracey Holloway, Monica Harkey, Paul Meier, Doug Ahl, Vijay S. Limaye, and Jonathan A. Patz. “Air-quality-related health impacts from climate change and from adaptation of cooling demand for buildings in the eastern United States: An interdisciplinary modeling study.” PLoS medicine 15, no. 7 (2018): e1002599.

Cianconi, Paolo, Sophia Betrò, and Luigi Janiri. “The impact of climate change on mental health: a systematic descriptive review.” Frontiers in psychiatry 11 (2020): 74.

Curtis, Sarah, Alistair Fair, Jonathan Wistow, Dimitri V. Val, and Katie Oven. “Impact of extreme weather events and climate change for health and social care systems.” Environmental Health 16, no. 1 (2017): 23-32.

Hayes, Katie, G. Blashki, J. Wiseman, S. Burke, and L. Reifels. “Climate change and mental health: Risks, impacts and priority actions.” International journal of mental health systems 12, no. 1 (2018): 1-12.McMichael, A.J., Campbell-Lendrum, D.H., Corvalán, C.F., Ebi, K.L., Githeko, A., Scheraga, J.D. and Woodward, A., 2003. Climate change and human health: risks and responses. World Health Organization.

Ogden, Nicholas H. “Climate change and vector-borne diseases of public health significance.” FEMS microbiology letters 364, no. 19 (2017).

Obradovich, Nick, Robyn Migliorini, Martin P. Paulus, and Iyad Rahwan. “Empirical evidence of mental health risks posed by climate change.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 43 (2018): 10953-10958.

Thompson, R., R. Hornigold, L. Page, and Thomas Waite. “Associations between high ambient temperatures and heatwaves with mental health outcomes: a systematic review.” Public health 161 (2018): 171-191.

 

[1] Cianconi, Paolo, Sophia Betrò, and Luigi Janiri. “The impact of climate change on mental health: a systematic descriptive review.” Frontiers in psychiatry 11 (2020): 74.

[2] McMichael, A.J., Campbell-Lendrum, D.H., Corvalán, C.F., Ebi, K.L., Githeko, A., Scheraga, J.D. and Woodward, A., 2003. Climate change and human health: risks and responses. World Health Organization.
[3] Abel, David W., Tracey Holloway, Monica Harkey, Paul Meier, Doug Ahl, Vijay S. Limaye, and Jonathan A. Patz. “Air-quality-related health impacts from climate change and from adaptation of cooling demand for buildings in the eastern United States: An interdisciplinary modeling study.” PLoS medicine 15, no. 7 (2018): e1002599.

[4] Thompson, R., R. Hornigold, L. Page, and Thomas Waite. “Associations between high ambient temperatures and heatwaves with mental health outcomes: a systematic review.” Public health 161 (2018): 171-191.

[5] Curtis, Sarah, Alistair Fair, Jonathan Wistow, Dimitri V. Val, and Katie Oven. “Impact of extreme weather events and climate change for health and social care systems.” Environmental Health 16, no. 1 (2017): 23-32.
[6] Ogden, Nicholas H. “Climate change and vector-borne diseases of public health significance.” FEMS microbiology letters 364, no. 19 (2017).
[7] Obradovich, Nick, Robyn Migliorini, Martin P. Paulus, and Iyad Rahwan. “Empirical evidence of mental health risks posed by climate change.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 43 (2018): 10953-10958.

[8] Hayes, Katie, G. Blashki, J. Wiseman, S. Burke, and L. Reifels. “Climate change and mental health: Risks, impacts and priority actions.” International journal of mental health systems 12, no. 1 (2018): 1-12.

 

Sports Facility Analysis and Improvement Suggestions

Sports Facility Analysis and Improvement Suggestions

Part One

The venue’s annex 1 region will consist of twenty-three auxiliary and sports spaces. Precisely, sports spaces will consist of athlete’s stadium, pool centers, six lanes of the indoor basin, fitness arena, indoor cycling area, and racquet sports squash areas. On the other hand, Auxiliary regions will compose of sites hosting spectators, non-participants, and athlete personnel. Auxiliary specified parts will include management, storage, administration, communication, and cleaning areas and areas fixed to complementary rendered services such as sidewalks, eateries, and sidewalks.

The athletic arena will be divided into four regions. They include symbolic, traditional and non-traditional, and specialized areas. The traditional athletic site for sports activities is based on the set sports standard features, requirements, and outlined dimensions and makes up the central athletic field. Specialized athletic fields are used for squash, fitness, indoor cycling areas, pool, and indoor basin facilities.

Depending on the set dimensions and standards for sports, distinct sports spaces are mapped out. The main sports arena will incorporate a size between 90 and 120 meters. Stadium sturdy trucks will have eight lanes of meters between 93 and 177, while swimming pool designated dimension lanes distance will be 2.5 meters and have a length and width of 50 meters and 25 meters, respectively. On the other hand, the six lanes, a height of 25 meters and a width of 12.5 meters, will make up the indoor basin. Also, 456 meters square will cover the fitness area with 60 meters square making each the squash rooms. Additionally, the classroom for groups will be 115 meters square, and the indoor cycling spaces will cover 78 meters square.

Part 2

Auxiliary and sports facilities should be installed in appropriate areas for efficient management and diverse users’ access. From the extensive analysis of auxiliary and sports areas, it is evidence that they are distributed inappropriately with respect to sports orientation and entry regions set standards. Following such disorientation in auxiliary and sports areas, the users of Annex 1will struggle to access the vast spaces; for instance, from the reception end, sports participants can access all the set rooms among them are men and women’s lockers, while non-participants can only access stores, then waiting room before they locate athletic arenas which, is time-consuming.

On the other hand, via a close look at Annex 1 plan, sports participants and non-participants through the set south entry point would access the lobby room vital for hosting facility participants. Also, at the sports entrance, there is regulated access to the reception region. In the reception, users can access sports or office material storage rooms if they are administrators or employees. Sports participant members in the reception area, on the other hand, would only access lock rooms for certain sports athletic regions. In contrast, the non-participants can access from the reception, directly athletic arenas.

One challenge with creating several and inappropriate plans for sports entry areas that also lack organization knowledge is that there are various disconnections, more extended athletic areas access, and missing rooms or points to installed auxiliary and athletic centers. In the reception area, there should be access routes nearest to the main stadium. The Annex 1 plan lacks access ends connecting the reception region with set sports. To access swimming sports facilities, one should pass first to the central stadium.

Correspondingly, the sports region orientation based on the sun course lacks suiting a sports venue. It has various observable challenges. Annex 1 plan on the main stadium is more diminutive than indoor basin consisting of six swimming lanes. Also, a discernible challenge is viewed on the ambiguous set design and plan for the pavilion and cafes. Besides, depending on the position of compass direction, sports facilities’ direction should be on the north and southwest poles. Stadium orientation and design should have fewer sunrays interruptions.

Part 3

Determining the exact capacity of every sports space will be critical for handling the challenge discussed above. The table below examines the facility’s available areas, square meters, and maximum capacity.

Athletic ArenaSquare Meters {per user}Available Square MetersMaximum Capacity Region
Central pavilion20360
Swimming Pool8648
Squash rooms224
Speeding rooms37826
Group Class4445111
Fitness Room545691

 

Based on the analysis, the maximum capacity facility is 340, and the thumb rule is 50%. Set maximum number of users for the locker room is 170, and the ideal size for the locker room is 595 and thus, note the locker room’s surface as 550 square meters which, is not adequate for all users.

Part 4

Strengths in UEM Sports Complex Plan   

Facility designs have fully incorporated these five aspects. They are indoor athletic regions orientation; users flow in the athletic, fitness, pavilion, indoor cycling, group classes, and squash rooms.  UEM sports complex has fully included auxiliary and athletic facilities, fully designed the six lanes of the indoor basin, and positioned storage and café administration rooms. Indoor athletic areas orientation designs were fully achieved for squash, fitness, group classes, and indoor cycling. The set basic layouts allowed participants and non-participants to access the site from the cafeteria.

Consecutively, the UEM sports complex design for auxiliary and sporting activities complemented sports activities. The complex design has both outdoor and indoor areas, offices, access points, and storage regions. Also, it incorporated appropriate indoor basins with six lanes of 25 and 12.5 meters in length and width. Besides, along the dimensions (four), sidewalks are designed, and that there are swimming pools for participants and non-participants. Additionally, the sports complex for UEM has a sports storage room aligning with venue sports requirements. The storage rooms, in addition to the cafeteria, reception, and administration, are easily accessible for every user. They are placed near the central stadium, vital for movement minimization and effective management. Precisely, one of the cafeterias is located near the main stadium, the administration and reception, fitness and squash rooms among other rooms and easily accessible by near participants and non-participants. Another cafeteria based on the sidewalk is accessible by all users along the indoor basin.

Weaknesses in UEM Sports Complex Plan           

Several weaknesses are evident in the five facility design aspects. They are vivid in the construction of central stadium orientation, the orientation of the six lanes in the indoor basin, the layout flow en route to the indoor bay, fitness, squash, group class, and indoor cycling rooms design. Generally, an orientation length for the outdoor athlete area must follow the standards of the set sport: north-south lengthwise orientation. The central stadium in the plan of UEM Sports Complex is constructed in the east-west, which fails to rely on building sporting complex standards though this challenge cannot be rectified because it requires a new plan that is costly and time-consuming. The sports set standards insist that the outdoor sports arena follows the north and south orientation standard, allowing sunlight to enter via the south region in the stadium. On the other hand, indoor basin rooms’ orientation design was inappropriate. It took north and south length orientation, which cannot be revamped as it will affect available auxiliary and sporting centers in the UEM sporting complex. Besides that, indoor basin rooms have longer access routes which are tiring to both participants and non-participants. The members have to first pass via the pavilion or en route to the central stadium. When there are several activities in indoor basins, there would be access hindrance. The designer must incorporate direct route access to the indoor bays depending on the lanes available to improve the latter. There should be access routes between the central stadium and the pavilion. To fulfill the goal in due time, the planner must create an outline at the reception accessible routes to the venue.

On the other hand, also, locker rooms orientation for every user was inappropriate. Squash, fitness, group classrooms, and indoor cycling fail to have lockers. Therefore, to address the latter, the planner needs to add lockers to the above-outlined rooms. Besides that, the primary stadium should fit size set dimensions and standards; however, opposite when analyzing the UEM sporting complex, though this cannot be achieved since it will need a re-designing of the whole plan. Precisely, the significant aspects that can be improved are the provision of lockers in squash, fitness, group class, and indoor cycling areas. Also, direct route access should be created from reception via the cafeteria to minimize movement hindrances to indoor and outdoor athletic arenas.

References

Universidad Europea, (n.d.). Management and Operation of Sports Venues. Topic 3. Facilities and locations for practicing sports and physical activity. Concepts and classifications.

Universidad Europea, (n.d.). Management and Operation of Sports Venues. Topic 4. Planning and design of facilities for sports and physical activity

Benchmark-Capstone Project Change Proposal

Instructions

Develop an 1100-1,500 words written project that includes the following information as it applies to the problem, issue, suggestion, initiative, or educational need profiled in the capstone change proposal:

  1. Background
  2. Clinical problem statement.
  3. Purpose of the change proposal in relation to providing patient care in the changing health care system.
  4. PICOT question.
  5. Literature search strategy employed.
  6. Evaluation of the literature.
  7. Applicable change or nursing theory utilized.
  8. Proposed implementation plan with outcome measures.
  9. Discussion of how evidence-based practice was used in creating the intervention plan.
  10. Plan for evaluating the proposed nursing intervention.
  11. Identification of potential barriers to plan implementation, and a discussion of how these could be overcome.
  12. Appendix section, if tables, graphs, surveys, educational materials, etc. are created.

Review the feedback from your instructor on the Topic 3 assignment, PICOT Question Paper, and Topic 6 assignment, Literature Review. Use this feedback to make appropriate revisions to these before submitting.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide,

 

Benchmark-Capstone Project Change Proposal

Background

To manage diabetes, it is critical for healthcare facilities and professionals to develop mechanisms to help diabetes patients improve their quality of life (Rushforth et al., 2016). Developed mechanisms should include managing the condition, lifestyle modification techniques, patient perspectives, and drug adherence factors. For nurses to effectively help diabetes patients manage the disease, they must be provided with special education, resources, time, and equipment (Powers et al., 2016). As a result, they can offer diabetes patients a self-management education program via the short message service platform to help enhance their self-care knowledge about the disease.

Clinical Problem Statement

Diabetes patients lack efficient knowledge about diabetes disease and how they can manage it. They are unaware of diabetes medication regimes, medication adherence, and self-management education and support practices, limiting their well-being. Diabetes remains a chronic condition, with patients still experiencing barriers to improving the condition optimally. The latter is even worse with healthcare personnel lacking special education on the disease and inefficient resources, equipment, and time.

Purpose of the change proposal in relation to providing patient care in the changing health care system

The essence of this change proposal is to address the need to educate diabetes mellitus patients on the importance of self-management education programs to help improve their health conditions. Also, the essence of this change proposal is incorporating strategies to help healthcare professionals with special education, time, resources, and equipment vital for managing diabetes conditions.

PICOT question

In adult patients with diabetes mellitus, can a self-management education program through the Short Message Service platform instead of no education at all enhance the patients’ self-care knowledge by 15% within six months?

Literature search strategy employed.

To fully develop the relevant literature essential for this project, a systematic literature search was applied. This technique was critical for key steps formulation to define the clinical problem statement, select critical databases and formulate primary keywords among them are diabetes mellitus, and further carrying out the actual search and evaluation processes.

Evaluation of the literature

Du Pon et al. (2019) argue that diabetes limits a person’s capacity to respond or produce hormone insulin causing carbohydrates, abnormal metabolism, and elevated glucose levels in the blood. The authors, therefore, argue it is essential to provide diabetes patients with condition management education via the help of short message service to aid their adherence.

Adikusuma and Qiyaam (2017) also argue that using short message services enhances the patient’s medicational adherence. According to the two, a self-management education program was vital for helping diabetes patients have positive attitudes and knowledge towards care plans and diabetes management.  In sentiments supported by Saucier et al. (2017), a self-management education program was vital and helped create diabetes patients’ awareness to manage the condition effectively.

On the other hand, Nikitara et al. (2019) pointed out that nurses faced significant barriers when assisting patients living with diabetes. Besides lacking enough knowledge to help diabetes patients manage the condition, they also lacked enough resources, time, and equipment. Therefore, the nurses failed to effectively help diabetes patients exercise the proper self-management education and support strategies to improve their quality of life. Sorensen et al. (2020) thus insist it is essential for healthcare responsive bodies to develop criteria vital for assisting nurses in helping diabetes patients manage the condition.

Applicable change or nursing theory utilized.

This change theory applies Lewin’s Change Theory arguing that changes occur in three steps. Unfreezing as the first step addresses resistance happening to people affected by the transition. Changing as the next step incorporates implementing actual change, while the final step in Lewin’s change theory is the refreezing stage. It deals with change stabilization. This change proposal will be critical to educate patients who have diabetes about the essence of a self-management education program. The latter requires a set of change aspects dealing with self-care regarding medication adherence, among other features. The process which focuses on prompting new behaviors to manage diabetes results in positive reformations in self-care.

Proposed implementation plan with outcome measures

Developing the right policies, standards and techniques remains one of the vital implementation plans. It will help nurses get the proper special education on diabetes, have enough time, equipment, and resources to help diabetes patients manage the condition. The additional implementation plan is educating diabetes mellitus patients on the essence of a self-management education program which Overally boosts their knowledge on diabetes management.

Discussion of how evidence-based practice was used in creating the intervention plan

Since time-immemorial, evidence-based practices remain vital for developing the right plans and ensuring that all possible obstacles are handled appropriately when conducting research. In this proposed change, evidence-based practices were critical for developing intervention plans. The latter was necessitated by researching the best self-management education program and tools such as the Short Message Service platform vital for helping diabetes patients manage the condition. The research was implemented to note the significant barriers nurses face when helping diabetes patients manage their condition and some of the significant issues also faced by diabetes patients limiting their management of the disease.

Plan for evaluating the proposed nursing intervention

The Impact Evaluation Technique will be used in this project change. This evaluation strategy will be important in assessing the participant effects on this project. Precisely, the impact evaluation technique will incorporate a short implementation analysis checklist. This will be critical in helping diabetes patients, and the overall population notes the essence of maintaining a healthy living and various behavioral changes and action plans for diabetes management. The impact evaluation technique will be implemented within months and further ensure selected participants engage fully in the outlined action plan.

Identification of potential barriers to plan implementation and a discussion of how these could be overcome

Significant challenges faced by diabetes patients include a lack of knowledge and time to fully grasp the essence of diabetes medication regime and medication adherence and the ideal ways to improve their health conditions. Also, nurses face potential barriers: a lack of enough time, equipment, resources, and self-education knowledge essential for aiding the patient’s management of diabetes disease. These barriers will effectively be managed if healthcare facilities and personnel develop critical outcome policies, standards, measures, and equipment essential for educating nurses and diabetes patients on the various management styles to improve their quality of life. Also, healthcare personnel must create new education techniques and platforms to help boost diabetes patients’ understanding of vast techniques to manage the condition.

Conclusion

The essence of this change proposal is to emphasize the role of healthcare centers and professionals in developing mechanisms essential for helping diabetes patients improve their quality of life. Among the critical mechanisms this change proposal focuses on is introducing a self-management education program, which helps enhance diabetes patients’ self-care knowledge about the disease via the short message service platform. Furthermore, this change proposal uses various literature searches and empirical evidence to discuss the role of self-management education programs in educating diabetes mellitus patients on the importance of self-management education programs to help improve their health conditions. This change proposal generally notes that developing the right policies, standards and techniques remain vital in helping nurses get the proper special education on diabetes, have enough time, equipment, and resources and, help diabetes patients via self-management education programs to manage the condition.

 

 

References

Adikusuma, W., & Qiyaam, N. (2017). The effect of education through short message service (SMS) messages on diabetic patients’ adherence. Scientia Pharmaceutica, 85(2), 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/scipharm85020023

Du Pon, E., Wildeboer, A. T., Van Dooren, A. A., Bilo, H. J., Kleefstra, N., & Van Dulmen, S. (2019). Active participation of patients with type 2 diabetes in consultations with their primary care practice nurses – what helps and what hinders: A qualitative study. BMC Health Services Research, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4572-5

Nikitara, M., Constantinou, C. S., Andreou, E., & Diomidous, M. (2019). The role of nurses and the facilitators and barriers in diabetes care: A mixed-methods systematic literature review. Behavioral Sciences, 9(6), 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs9060061

Nikitara, M., Constantinou, C. S., Andreou, E., Latzourakis, E., & Diomidous, M. (2020). Views of people with diabetes regarding their experiences of the facilitators and barriers in type 1 diabetes inpatient care: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Behavioral Sciences, 10(8), 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10080120

Powers, M. A., Bardsley, J., Cypress, M., Duker, P., Funnell, M. M., Fischl, A. H., Maryniuk, M. D., Siminerio, L., & Vivian, E. (2016). Diabetes self-management education and support in type 2 diabetes. The Diabetes Educator, 41(4), 417-430. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145721715588904

Rushforth, B., McCrorie, C., Glidewell, L., Midgley, E., & Foy, R. (2016). Barriers to effective management of type 2 diabetes in primary care: Qualitative systematic review. British Journal of General Practice, 66(643), e114-e127. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp16x683509

Saucier, A. N., Ansa, B., Coffin, J., Akhtar, M., Miller, A., Mahoney, H., Hodo, D. M., Duffie, C., Fontenot, B., Andrews, H., & Smith, S. A. (2017). Patient perspectives of an individualized diabetes care management plan. European Journal for Person Centered Healthcare, 5(2), 213. https://doi.org/10.5750/ejpch.v5i2.1292

Sørensen, M., Groven, K. S., Gjelsvik, B., Almendingen, K., & Garnweidner-Holme, L. (2020). The roles of healthcare professionals in diabetes care: A qualitative study in Norwegian general practice. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 38(1), 12-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/02813432.2020.1714145

 

 

 

 

Benchmark-Capstone Project Change Proposal

Instructions

Develop an 1100-1,500 words written project that includes the following information as it applies to the problem, issue, suggestion, initiative, or educational need profiled in the capstone change proposal:

  1. Background
  2. Clinical problem statement.
  3. Purpose of the change proposal in relation to providing patient care in the changing health care system.
  4. PICOT question.
  5. Literature search strategy employed.
  6. Evaluation of the literature.
  7. Applicable change or nursing theory utilized.
  8. Proposed implementation plan with outcome measures.
  9. Discussion of how evidence-based practice was used in creating the intervention plan.
  10. Plan for evaluating the proposed nursing intervention.
  11. Identification of potential barriers to plan implementation, and a discussion of how these could be overcome.
  12. Appendix section, if tables, graphs, surveys, educational materials, etc. are created.

Review the feedback from your instructor on the Topic 3 assignment, PICOT Question Paper, and Topic 6 assignment, Literature Review. Use this feedback to make appropriate revisions to these before submitting.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide,

 

Benchmark-Capstone Project Change Proposal

Background

To manage diabetes, it is critical for healthcare facilities and professionals to develop mechanisms to help diabetes patients improve their quality of life (Rushforth et al., 2016). Developed mechanisms should include managing the condition, lifestyle modification techniques, patient perspectives, and drug adherence factors. For nurses to effectively help diabetes patients manage the disease, they must be provided with special education, resources, time, and equipment (Powers et al., 2016). As a result, they can offer diabetes patients a self-management education program via the short message service platform to help enhance their self-care knowledge about the disease.

Clinical Problem Statement

Diabetes patients lack efficient knowledge about diabetes disease and how they can manage it. They are unaware of diabetes medication regimes, medication adherence, and self-management education and support practices, limiting their well-being. Diabetes remains a chronic condition, with patients still experiencing barriers to improving the condition optimally. The latter is even worse with healthcare personnel lacking special education on the disease and inefficient resources, equipment, and time.

Purpose of the change proposal in relation to providing patient care in the changing health care system

The essence of this change proposal is to address the need to educate diabetes mellitus patients on the importance of self-management education programs to help improve their health conditions. Also, the essence of this change proposal is incorporating strategies to help healthcare professionals with special education, time, resources, and equipment vital for managing diabetes conditions.

PICOT question

In adult patients with diabetes mellitus, can a self-management education program through the Short Message Service platform instead of no education at all enhance the patients’ self-care knowledge by 15% within six months?

Literature search strategy employed.

To fully develop the relevant literature essential for this project, a systematic literature search was applied. This technique was critical for key steps formulation to define the clinical problem statement, select critical databases and formulate primary keywords among them are diabetes mellitus, and further carrying out the actual search and evaluation processes.

Evaluation of the literature

Du Pon et al. (2019) argue that diabetes limits a person’s capacity to respond or produce hormone insulin causing carbohydrates, abnormal metabolism, and elevated glucose levels in the blood. The authors, therefore, argue it is essential to provide diabetes patients with condition management education via the help of short message service to aid their adherence.

Adikusuma and Qiyaam (2017) also argue that using short message services enhances the patient’s medicational adherence. According to the two, a self-management education program was vital for helping diabetes patients have positive attitudes and knowledge towards care plans and diabetes management.  In sentiments supported by Saucier et al. (2017), a self-management education program was vital and helped create diabetes patients’ awareness to manage the condition effectively.

On the other hand, Nikitara et al. (2019) pointed out that nurses faced significant barriers when assisting patients living with diabetes. Besides lacking enough knowledge to help diabetes patients manage the condition, they also lacked enough resources, time, and equipment. Therefore, the nurses failed to effectively help diabetes patients exercise the proper self-management education and support strategies to improve their quality of life. Sorensen et al. (2020) thus insist it is essential for healthcare responsive bodies to develop criteria vital for assisting nurses in helping diabetes patients manage the condition.

Applicable change or nursing theory utilized.

This change theory applies Lewin’s Change Theory arguing that changes occur in three steps. Unfreezing as the first step addresses resistance happening to people affected by the transition. Changing as the next step incorporates implementing actual change, while the final step in Lewin’s change theory is the refreezing stage. It deals with change stabilization. This change proposal will be critical to educate patients who have diabetes about the essence of a self-management education program. The latter requires a set of change aspects dealing with self-care regarding medication adherence, among other features. The process which focuses on prompting new behaviors to manage diabetes results in positive reformations in self-care.

Proposed implementation plan with outcome measures

Developing the right policies, standards and techniques remains one of the vital implementation plans. It will help nurses get the proper special education on diabetes, have enough time, equipment, and resources to help diabetes patients manage the condition. The additional implementation plan is educating diabetes mellitus patients on the essence of a self-management education program which Overally boosts their knowledge on diabetes management.

Discussion of how evidence-based practice was used in creating the intervention plan

Since time-immemorial, evidence-based practices remain vital for developing the right plans and ensuring that all possible obstacles are handled appropriately when conducting research. In this proposed change, evidence-based practices were critical for developing intervention plans. The latter was necessitated by researching the best self-management education program and tools such as the Short Message Service platform vital for helping diabetes patients manage the condition. The research was implemented to note the significant barriers nurses face when helping diabetes patients manage their condition and some of the significant issues also faced by diabetes patients limiting their management of the disease.

Plan for evaluating the proposed nursing intervention

The Impact Evaluation Technique will be used in this project change. This evaluation strategy will be important in assessing the participant effects on this project. Precisely, the impact evaluation technique will incorporate a short implementation analysis checklist. This will be critical in helping diabetes patients, and the overall population notes the essence of maintaining a healthy living and various behavioral changes and action plans for diabetes management. The impact evaluation technique will be implemented within months and further ensure selected participants engage fully in the outlined action plan.

Identification of potential barriers to plan implementation and a discussion of how these could be overcome

Significant challenges faced by diabetes patients include a lack of knowledge and time to fully grasp the essence of diabetes medication regime and medication adherence and the ideal ways to improve their health conditions. Also, nurses face potential barriers: a lack of enough time, equipment, resources, and self-education knowledge essential for aiding the patient’s management of diabetes disease. These barriers will effectively be managed if healthcare facilities and personnel develop critical outcome policies, standards, measures, and equipment essential for educating nurses and diabetes patients on the various management styles to improve their quality of life. Also, healthcare personnel must create new education techniques and platforms to help boost diabetes patients’ understanding of vast techniques to manage the condition.

Conclusion

The essence of this change proposal is to emphasize the role of healthcare centers and professionals in developing mechanisms essential for helping diabetes patients improve their quality of life. Among the critical mechanisms this change proposal focuses on is introducing a self-management education program, which helps enhance diabetes patients’ self-care knowledge about the disease via the short message service platform. Furthermore, this change proposal uses various literature searches and empirical evidence to discuss the role of self-management education programs in educating diabetes mellitus patients on the importance of self-management education programs to help improve their health conditions. This change proposal generally notes that developing the right policies, standards and techniques remain vital in helping nurses get the proper special education on diabetes, have enough time, equipment, and resources and, help diabetes patients via self-management education programs to manage the condition.

 

 

 

References

Adikusuma, W., & Qiyaam, N. (2017). The effect of education through short message service (SMS) messages on diabetic patients’ adherence. Scientia Pharmaceutica, 85(2), 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/scipharm85020023

Du Pon, E., Wildeboer, A. T., Van Dooren, A. A., Bilo, H. J., Kleefstra, N., & Van Dulmen, S. (2019). Active participation of patients with type 2 diabetes in consultations with their primary care practice nurses – what helps and what hinders: A qualitative study. BMC Health Services Research, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4572-5

Nikitara, M., Constantinou, C. S., Andreou, E., & Diomidous, M. (2019). The role of nurses and the facilitators and barriers in diabetes care: A mixed-methods systematic literature review. Behavioral Sciences, 9(6), 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs9060061

Nikitara, M., Constantinou, C. S., Andreou, E., Latzourakis, E., & Diomidous, M. (2020). Views of people with diabetes regarding their experiences of the facilitators and barriers in type 1 diabetes inpatient care: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Behavioral Sciences, 10(8), 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10080120

Powers, M. A., Bardsley, J., Cypress, M., Duker, P., Funnell, M. M., Fischl, A. H., Maryniuk, M. D., Siminerio, L., & Vivian, E. (2016). Diabetes self-management education and support in type 2 diabetes. The Diabetes Educator, 41(4), 417-430. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145721715588904

Rushforth, B., McCrorie, C., Glidewell, L., Midgley, E., & Foy, R. (2016). Barriers to effective management of type 2 diabetes in primary care: Qualitative systematic review. British Journal of General Practice, 66(643), e114-e127. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp16x683509

Saucier, A. N., Ansa, B., Coffin, J., Akhtar, M., Miller, A., Mahoney, H., Hodo, D. M., Duffie, C., Fontenot, B., Andrews, H., & Smith, S. A. (2017). Patient perspectives of an individualized diabetes care management plan. European Journal for Person Centered Healthcare, 5(2), 213. https://doi.org/10.5750/ejpch.v5i2.1292

Sørensen, M., Groven, K. S., Gjelsvik, B., Almendingen, K., & Garnweidner-Holme, L. (2020). The roles of healthcare professionals in diabetes care: A qualitative study in Norwegian general practice. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 38(1), 12-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/02813432.2020.1714145

 

 

 

 

Criminal Justice: Social Control Theory and Social Learning Theory


Instructions
You must answer both questions fully using no less than 500 words and no more than 530 words. Please use the resources I have provided as sources. 
Question 1
 – Review the details of the life of Robert Aaron Long provided in media accounts of the Atlanta area shootings. Use Robert Agnew’s General Strain Theory to examine the possible impact of life stressors leading up to his killing spree.
Question Two
 –Compare and contrast the social learning theory of Akers (which builds upon Sutherland’s Differential Association theory) and the social control theory of Gottfredson and Hirschi (which they claim has roots in classical criminology). One hint: processes of socialization figure prominently in each, but in different ways.
 
 
Note
please only use the resources I have provided when you are citing especially for question one. you can use an outside source for the theories.

 

(Answer)

Criminal Justice: Social Control Theory and Social Learning Theory

Question 1

Robert Aaron Long, a twenty-one-year-old suspect, was arrested on 16th March 2021 following his killing spree of six Asian women and two other individuals seriously wounded (Berman et al., 2021). During interrogation, he told the police that his nudge to kill was necessitated by a sexual addiction, which was odd to his Christianity. Cherokee and Fulton counties charged him with 19 and 32 crimes and were later sentenced to life with no parole (Berman et al., 2021). Indeed, following Tobert Agnew’s General Strain Theory examining the possible impact of life stressors, it is evidence that Long’s killing spree was motivated by his life strains (Miethe & Drass, 1999). Precisely, life strains such as sexual addiction motivate members of any social class to participate in criminal behaviors as coping techniques to their life problems. According to Agnew’s general strain theory, members, irrespective of their social class, would seek criminal offenses such as massive killing as a technique to dealing with a strain, which in Long’s case is sexual addiction.

Agnew’s general strain theory also introduces three mechanisms individuals use to cope with life stressors. The three mechanisms are emotional, cognitive, and behavioral mechanisms (Miethe & Drass, 1999). Long, in this case, uses both emotional and behavioral coping mechanisms. To permanently cope with his negative feelings of sexual addiction, Long decides to kill the six Asian women. In Long’s case, it is a coping technique to deal with his sexual addiction challenges that fail to adhere to his Christianity values (New York Times, 2021). He claimed to be tortured physically and psychologically by his sexual addiction, as evidenced in his frequent visits to sex workers. To alleviate his negative emotions of sexual addition conflicting with his set religious values and beliefs, Long choose murder.

Question 2

Aker’s social learning theory argues that people develop their motive to commit crime and skills related to crime via individuals they connect or associate with particularly (Akers, 2002). In other words, individuals learn new values, behaviors, and attitudes, mainly by direct observation or experiencing others’ behaviors via negative or positive stimuli.

On the other hand, Gottfredson and Hirschi’s self-control theory notes that a lack of self-control is the primary cause of crime and individual participation in analogous behavior (DeLisi & Vaughn, 2008). Therefore one of the significant similarities between Aker’s social learning theory and Gottfredson and Hirschi’s self-control theory is that an individual’s criminal behavior results from something else. The significant difference is that in Aker’s social learning theory, one’s participation in criminal activities is based on observing and imitating the behaviors of others. According to Aker’s social learning theory, cognitive and environmental factors influence one’s behavior to commit a crime (Akers, 2002). Aker’s theory affirms that an individual’s criminal behavior is learned and heavily occurs if one associates themselves with those indulging in crimes.

On the other hand, Gottfredson and Hirschi’s self-control theory affirms that an individual indulgence in criminal behavior is not a result of associating and observing those committing crimes but rather a lack of individual self-control (DeLisi & Vaughn, 2008). Thus, it argues that individuals lacking self-control would indulge in criminality at a tender age and stabilize the latter across the life course. Lack of self-control will initiate an individual capacity to refrain from criminal behaviors. Such individuals deter gratification, are never diligent and cautious or are sensitive towards those around them. Hence are likely to participate in criminal activities.

 

References

Akers, R. L. (2002). A social learning theory of crime. Criminological theories: Bridging the past to the future, 135-143.

Berman M., Shammas B., Armus T., & Fisher March (2021). The Atlanta spa shooting suspect’s life before attacks. The Washington Post.

DeLisi, M., & Vaughn, M. G. (2008). The Gottfredson–Hirschi critiques revisited: Reconciling self-control theory, criminal careers, and career criminals. International Journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology52(5), 520-537.

https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/17/us/robert-aaron-long-suspected-shooter/index.html

https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/atlanta-shooting-suspect-robert-aaron-long/2021/03/19/9397cdca-87fe-11eb-8a8b-5cf82c3dffe4_story.html

https://www.newsweek.com/georgias-no-wait-gun-laws-allowed-robert-aaron-long-immediately-obtain-firearm-1576959

https://www.ajc.com/news/police-spa-shooting-suspect-had-visited-atlanta-locations-before/GKXF6GFRBVBZPIXIREQDAGNTFQ/

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-crime-georgia-spas-suspect-idUSKBN2B92L3

https://nypost.com/2021/03/18/copes-probe-phone-online-records-of-alleged-atlanta-spa-shooter/

Miethe, T. D., & Drass, K. A. (1999). Exploring the social context of instrumental and expressive homicides: An application of qualitative comparative analysis. Journal of Quantitative Criminology15(1), 1-21.

New York Times (2021). 8 Dead in Atlanta Spa Shootings, With Fears of Anti-Asian Bias.

 

The Effects of Telework on Management and Production

The Effects of Telework on Management and Production

 

Abstract 

COVID-19 epidemic has necessitated transformations to the employees’ working arrangement. The latter, commonly referred to as telework, has impacted the organization managers’ physical and psychological health while fulfilling management and productivity goals and objectives. This paper provides a quick review of searches from critical databases such as PsychInfo, Web of Science, and ProQuest in the years 2017 to 2021, in addition to diary methodology. The results of this study noted that managers while dealing with teleworking employees, face several health outcomes which includes, depression, strain, stress, and pain. Thus, the result infers that other than developing a framework focusing on teams and individuals’ performance, managers should help workers form personal teleworking work plan. They should complement current work procedures and organization work plans. Besides that, to ease their management and productivity level, they conduct skills-mapping among teleworking employees.

The Effects of Telework on Management and Production

Contemporary, the purpose of telework on organization management and production, despite its benefits, creates excessive workloads for managers. The increase of teleworking employees has resulted in more mental health symptoms of stress to managers who struggle to manage their staff from a unique working premise. Teleworking to managers brings adverse psychological and physical impacts as they struggle to handle organizational pressures while guiding and regulating teleworking employees. This study identifies the role of telework in organization management and production and how teleworking employees create excessive workloads for some managers. Theoretically, it adds to the organization and public administration literature on providing the effects of telework on manager’s physical and psychological health. This study also applies a within-person approach and diary methodology to understand the concept of teleworking and to answer the research questions;

  1. What is the purpose of telework on organization management and production?
  2. Does the increase of teleworking employees create excessive workloads for some managers?
  3. Do teleworkers experience dominantly more mental health symptoms of stress as opposed to office-workers?
  4. Are there any recommendations to address the adverse physical and psychological impact of teleworking?
  5. How are home-life responsibilities affecting employee telework requirements?

The research questions also provide the hypotheses for the study, which are;

Hypothesis 1: Working from home will be negatively related to the health of managers when measured on daily occasions.

Hypothesis 2: Working from home will negatively impact employee telework requirements as they meet home-life responsibilities when measured daily

Hypothesis 3: Working from home will require specific recommendations to address the physical and psychological outcomes.

Problem Statement

The increase of teleworking employees appears to create excess workloads for some managers. Whether work production declines, remains the same, or increases, managers may find it difficult to supervise, train, and track the performance of employees. Factors that may make these daily tasks more difficult for managers and employees include distractions at home with family, decreased communication with employees, or the inability to provide one-on-one on-the-job training (OJT). Additionally, performance may decrease among employees due to lack of motivation while at home, the feeling of not having ample resources, or not having the ability to reach out to one another as easily compared to being in the office.

Literature Review

Weinert et al. (2015) focuses on literature research and findings and argues that the wide acceptance and dissemination harms employees and managers. As noted by the authors above in the organization premise, the adverse impact of teleworking has led to undesired impacts due to telework exhaustion. Weinert et al. (2015) identify essential telework features and hypotheses relationship between telework-oriented stressors and characteristics. In their findings, they noted that teleworkers are faced with challenges of overcoming fatigue feelings. Also, teleworkers save energy and time commuting and are more likely to be stressed based on increased home and work conflicting demands.

On the other hand, Kim et al. (2021) discussed telework based on the Telework Enhancement Act of 2010. The article defines telework as a flexible work arrangement where employees perform their designated responsibilities and duties and position in approved worksites. Telework is an organizational setting thus focuses on employees accomplishing professional duties. They discuss the role of supervisors and how they are managing telework to achieve benefits and even telework abuse cases. Kim et al. (2021) point out how telework would be used in an organization setting factors such as communication to boost management and production process. Thus, managers should set a centralized repository on the major updates and changes to manage communication with teleworking employees. Also, they should create communication norms bringing certainty and predictability to virtual organization conversations and further make spectrum present for communication options.

Additionally, Standen et al. (1999) argue that to ease managers’ role when implementing teleworking, they should ensure that employees have required technical equipment. Also, the managers should be trained adhesively on integrating organization set managerial and production processes. Training managers on the major factors to consider during teleworking management boosts their understanding of distance management aspects.

Also, Teece (2017), while providing capability theory in firms, discusses the managers’ role in firm production and management. He argues that production managers are responsible for ensuring that manufacturing processes are efficient and reliable. Also, other than organizing and planning production schedules, they assess resource and project requirements and estimate, negotiate and agree on timescales and budgets. Additionally, Teece (2017) argues that managers are responsible for carrying and developing the management process in the organization and thus would likely face psychological challenges.

Besides that, Belzunegui-Eraso and Erro-Garcé’s (2020) article discusses teleworking implementation as a security and health practice and its impact on organization management and production. Via their theoretical standpoint, the two authors argue that despite productivity gains, teleworking in the post-COVID-19 era has adversely affected the managers’ psychological and physical health. Sentiments supported by Economic Co-operation and Development.

(2020), while noting that teleworking adoption remains a permanent regime following the Coronavirus pandemic, further prompts adverse consequences to the managers’ overall well-being. Economic Co-operation and Development (2020), while noting teleworking in their findings to aid production and management levels in organizations, however, prompts ambiguous risks linked to workers’ job satisfaction that include the managers.

Despite the challenges faced by managers when dealing with teleworking employees, Sánchez et al. (2007) that they should implement certain practices. While addressing the connection between teleworking and workplace flexibility, Sánchez et al. (2007) argue that the managers’ role in organization performance is relative to their implemented strategies to limit the latter from adversely affecting their psychological and physical well-being. While focusing on the empirical survey, the authors argue that managers should introduce certain strategies to improve a firm’s performance when dealing with teleworking employees. Sánchez et al. (2007), to improve teleworking’s role in the era of digitalization and productivity, should review the resources and needs of employees transitioning from office-oriented to teleworking.

Additionally, the managers must revise policies ensuring the employees use the ICT equipment to the fullest capacity improving organization productivity. Correspondingly, Sánchez et al. (2007) argue that managers must provide training opportunities to employees working from home using special equipment and tools. The latter should also include a self-assessment test of the employees and external testing to measure their skills and performance level.

In addition, in their article, Brinzea and Secara (2017) argue that telework is frequently cited with social isolation. They argue that in nations such as United Kingdom, 60% of the employee considers social isolation to be the greatest challenge of teleworking. Mann and Holdsworth (2003) also to further highlight the major disadvantages of teleworking provides information incorporated by the Le Reseau Anact-Aract 2015. Teleworking in their findings provides the incapacity to separate professional from personal life. This leads to the risk of the work invading the employees’ personal life resulting to long term psychosocial problems. Also, telework would ensure a worker loses visibility from the company. An exclusion of teleworkers from the work team risks their isolation. Teleworking employees eventually feel lonely due to their working environment and conditions.

Importance/Benefits of the Study

This study has rampant benefits, discussing the definition of telework and major factors necessitating its implementation. It notes telework as the use of Information and Communication Technologies; among them are desktop computers, tablets, smartphones, and laptops for work performed outside the office premise. Often involuntary settings have been rampant following the COVID-19 pandemic, which requires organizations to incorporate work practices that limit its spread. Telework has remained vast following the ongoing economic and health crisis requiring physical distancing. Telework is one of the major factors introduced in the organization to avoid the uncertain net effects of productivity that would adversely impact the organization’s productivity. Telework remains a critical process for workers working from home. According to this study, implementing it requires managers to form new organization operations and policies, ensuring the new welfare and efficient-improving organization management and productivity goals are included.

The study also discusses the impact of telework in organization management and production and how the increase of teleworking employees creates excessive workloads for some managers. The result further shows how managers experience more mental health symptoms of stress dominantly, especially when meeting the firm objectives while working from home on most occasions. Other than being faced with the challenges of the demand of the home environment, they are forced to understand and manage how social connection has an external impact on their work productivity.

The study is also beneficial as it outlines some of the major recommendations critical in addressing the physical and psychological impact. During the COVID-19 epidemic, teleworking ensures managers play a pivotal role in mitigating the challenges affecting the organization’s management and productivity and supporting employees, which would drain them emotionally and physically. Therefore, the study urges managers to improve organizational management and productivity when working with teleworking employees to set certain strategies and practices to boost employees’ performances.

 

Research Design

This research focuses on a rapid review of World Health Organization Principles and recommendations. Also, it follows reporting guidelines under PRISMA. The search strategy via the help of research personnel was developed, and that the research was fixed on ProQuest, Web of Science, and PsycINFO databases. The search strategy was limited to peer-reviewed journal articles of 2017-2021were used. Also, to ensure the search technique focuses on research questions, the words; telework, mental health and organization management, and productivity were highlighted. The study focuses on articles on professional employees and employers working during business hours and their mental health concerns to include the inclusion concept. Search study rationale was fixed to participants undertaking work from home daily. Via the help of Covidence, full texts, titles, and abstracts were screened.

Through the help of standardized form, data was extracted and include study design, setting, measures used, participants’ details, industry setting, and health effects. Bias assessment risk served as a quality proxy for the study and undertaking quantitative and qualitative studies in distinct forms. The bias domains risk was obtained from RTL research bank, qualitative appraisal tool for Johanna Briggs, and quality assessment tool for Cochrane Collaboration. Potential sources were listed as low, high, or moderate. Also, article bias was undertaken by an author with sub-samples screened by another author for accuracy. The previously created rating system was used to provide the quality assessment. Qualitative data through narrative synthesis were analyzed and identified how telework adversely impacted the managers’ physical and psychological well-being. Also, it identified the role of telework in organization productivity and management level.

The study was conducted using various industrial sectors: three financial services, five government agencies and departments, two technology, and one academia, logistics, and telecommunications industries. The nature of working from home and telework and the business hours were considered. The study to fulfill ethical requirements followed informed-consent rules and respected the privacy and confidentiality of the study participants.

 

 

Nature and Form of Results

The identified data search included 1567 papers, of which 31 met inclusion criteria. Of the 1567 studies presented for screening, 287 were eliminated. The remaining 1280, having been screened, further eliminated 1117 studies considered irrelevant. Assessed based on eligibility, 142 of the remaining 174 studies were excluded as they indicated no health outcome of telework to managers. Also, they were not a peer-reviewed systematic review, and that the employees were based in offices. Ten of the remaining studies were eligible to answer the research questions.

The Form below presents the outcome of the research findings.

AuthorStudy DesignParticipants Measures Outcome
Weinert et al. (2015)Cross-sectional7 Administration employeesDepression measureHigher telecommuting hours is associated with a high depression level
Kim et al. (2021)Cross-sectionalThree financial employeesInduced stress measureWorking home is associated with high induced stress
Standen et al. (1999)Cross-sectionalSix non-supervisory employeesEmotional exhaustion measureInvoluntary remote work is linked to increased emotional exhaustion
Belzunegui-Eraso and Erro-Garcés (2020)Cohort16 employees in vast industrial sectorsWHO quality of life survey measureLow trained telecommuting skills are associated with poor management and productivity level.
Bronze & Secara (2017)Case-controlRomanian workersAssociation measureTelework despite keeping valuable employees causes a firm lose its visibility and risks employee isolation.
Mann & Holdsworth, (2003)Cross-sectional questionnaire surveyOffice workersOccupational Stress Indicator measureTeleworking is associated with loneliness, irritability, worry, resentment, guilt and frustration
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2020)CohortFive supply chain management employeesFatigue scale assessmentManagers supervising their teleworking employees have increased fatigue and stress.
Sánchez et al. (2007)Cross-SectionalNine full-time workersExhaustion measureTelework is associated with a high level of pain, stress, and reduced happiness
Sardeshmukh et al. (2012)Cohort18 IT company teleworkersSubjective well-being scale measureTelework managers working in more than 2.5 days a week experience higher strain from technostress
Teece (2017)Case-Control37 academic telecommutersGuideline survey provided to participants and evaluated using the template analysis toolManagers handling teleworking employees indicated high-related stress ranging from physical and emotional fatigue.

 

Budget

This study did not have any budget. All the research was conducted via online search databases and sites. They include ProQuest, Web of Science, and PsycINFO databases, which in the long run help find peer-reviewed articles focusing on the connection between teleworking and mental health and organization management and productivity. This study at large used ProQuest, Web of Science, and PsycINFO databases of the years 2017-2021. As a result, other than clarifying the meaning of telework in organization management and productivity, the study further noted how teleworking roles fixed on meeting the organization management and productivity set objectives to managers dealing with teleworking employees had adverse outcomes to their general well-being.

Also, this study lacked budget as an instrument used for search strategy, and result analysis was online-based. For example, via the help of Covidence, full texts, titles, and abstracts were screened. Additionally, via the help of standardized form, data were extracted and included study design, setting, measures used, participants’ details, industry setting, and telework connection to health effects.

Schedule

This research focused on 15-day research on peer-reviewed articles. Throughout the period, identified data search included one thousand, five hundred and sixty-seven articles, of which thirty-one met inclusion criteria. Of the total studies presented for screening, two hundred and eighty-seven were eliminated. The remaining, 1280 having been screened, further eliminated 1117 studies considered irrelevant. Assessed based on eligibility, one-hundred, and forty-two of the remaining 174 studies were excluded as they indicated no health outcome of telework to managers. Also, they were not a peer-reviewed systematic review, and that the employees were based in offices. Ten of the remaining studies were eligible to answer the research questions and thus efficiently analyzed. The primary research deliverables were based on the quality and scope of the study, whose major focus other than analyzing the role of telework further discussed how telework practices would adversely impact the role of the manager.

Ethical Considerations

This study, during data collection, further observed the participants and if perhaps they would provide essential information on the role of telework to the managers’ duties. In the process of getting the right information, this study minimized or avoided anything causing emotional or physical harm to the participants. Correspondingly, it allowed participants to understand and remained aware of various vast harm that may harm their participation. Consecutively, this study also efficiently remained unbiased and neutral. To facilitate the data collection process adhesively, individual opinions or preconceptions were avoided.

Also, this study protected participants’ rights by assuring them that following their efforts to disclose the impact of telework on their managers’ health and general overview; their individual information will be protected. This study at large protected participants’ privacy by keeping their information confidential and allowing the participants to be anonymous throughout the research. This study protected the individual’s right and was thus capable of controlling or accessing their provided participation in the study.

Implications and Considerations

The proposed study, having employed distinct contributions on the adverse impact of telework on managers’ physical and psychological well-being, thus calls for certain implications to prevent the latter. The research argues that the increase of teleworking employees has resulted in dominantly more mental health symptoms of stress to managers who struggle to manage their staff from a unique working premise. Therefore, managers to consider their well-being following progressed productivity while introducing teleworking practices (Cooper et al., 2006).  Besides developing a framework focusing on teams and individuals’ performance, they should help workers form personal teleworking work plans. They should complement current work procedures and organization work plans. Besides that, to ease their management and productivity level, they conduct skills-mapping among teleworking employees.

On the other hand, this research had a particular limitation. For example, during the study, several studies failed to specify the nature and relationship of telework to health. In addition to the heterogeneous study nature, it wasn’t easy to conduct a meta-analysis for the proposed study.

 

 

 

References

Belzunegui-Eraso, A., & Erro-Garcés, A. (2020). Teleworking in the Context of the Covid-19 Crisis. Sustainability12(9), 3662.

Brinzea, V. M., & Secara, C. G. (2017). The Telework, a Flexible Way to Work in a Changing Workplace. Scientific Bulletin-Economic Sciences16(3), 104-112.

Cooper, D. R., Schindler, P. S., & Sun, J. (2006). Business research methods (Vol. 9, pp. 1-744). New York: Mcgraw-hill.

Kim, T., Mullins, L. B., & Yoon, T. (2021). Supervision of Telework: A Key to Organizational         Performance. The American Review of Public Administration, 51(4), 263–277.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074021992058

Mann, S., & Holdsworth, L. (2003). The psychological impact of teleworking: stress, emotions, and health. New Technology, Work and Employment18(3), 196-211.

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2020). Productivity gains from teleworking in the post-COVID-19 era: how can public policies make it happen?. OECD Publishing.

Sánchez, A. M., Pérez, M. P., de Luis Carnicer, P., & Jiménez, M. J. V. (2007). Teleworking and workplace flexibility: a study of the impact on firm performance. Personnel Review.

Sardeshmukh, S. R., Sharma, D., & Golden, T. D. (2012). Impact of telework on exhaustion and job engagement: A job demands and job resources model. New Technology, Work and Employment27(3), 193-207.

Standen, P., Daniels, K., & Lamond, D. (1999). The home as a workplace: Work-family interaction and psychological well-being in telework. Journal of occupational health psychology4(4), 368.

Teece, D. J. (2017). Towards a capability theory of (innovating) firms: implications for management and policy. Cambridge Journal of Economics41(3), 693-720.

Weinert, C., Maier, C., & Laumer, S. (2015, March). Why are teleworkers stressed? An empirical analysis of the causes of telework-enabled stress. In Wirtschaftsinformatik (pp. 1407-1421).

 

 

 

 

 

How does climate change impact people’s health outcomes

how does climate change impact people’s health outcomes
Instructions
This week we are discussing how to find proper sources. I want you to explain how you are applying this knowledge to creation of your own literature review. What journals are you searching in for literature? What are the major theoretical themes emerging in the literature? How would you break down the different literatures you are searching for and how do you plan to link them theoretically?What gaps exist in the literature? What sub-fields of sociology or other disciplines are you finding literature related to your topic? How does looking at a variety of disciplines increase the accuracy of your literature review?
Note:
Everything you discuss should be from the sociological perspective
My Topic: how does climate change impact people’s health outcomes?
Answer
 

Finding Proper Sources; how does climate change impact people’s health outcomes?

To find proper sources for creating my literature review on the topic, “how does climate change impact people’s health outcomes?” I will focus on the online catalogue, magazines and journals, indexes and abstracts, newspapers, reference books and other internet resources. Correspondingly, I will consult knowledgeable people to understand how climate change impacts individual health and critical sample searches linked to my topic.

On the other hand, the journals I will be searching in for my literature are those connected to the impact of climate change on mental health, the concept of climate change and mental health and the risk factors individuals possess, in addition to the major approaches to tackle climate change issue to the life of the individual. As a result, I will note down the primary distress degree an individual feels about climate change and how they felt. Therefore, the vast journals in my case linked to the overall concept of climate change would include Springer Journal, American Journal of Climate Change, Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists and Economics of Climate Change Journal. The journals incorporated and dealing with mental health would include the Journal of Mental Health and secondary sources from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

The central theoretical themes emerging in the literature and incorporate to understand my topic further, “how does climate change impact people’s health outcome?” will include mental health, changes in mental health with climate change, mental health statistics and mental health causes. The above mentioned theoretical themes will be critical in understanding the adverse life experiences resulting in high mental health cases due to climate change.

To break down the searched different pieces of literature and link them theoretically, I will first develop a research question: “how does climate change impact people’s health outcomes?” After that, create a list of actual databases and text, keywords and phrases as mentioned above. Following the list formation, I will start searching and making notes for databases to keep search track and review the literature and compile the findings into a report.

Also, the significant gap in the literature review of sources linked to the connection between climate change and individual health outcomes is that minimal analytical frameworks discuss the numerous types of climate change affecting individuals’ mental health. Also, little researches on distinct databases present how hurricanes impacts on a person’s mental health.

Consecutively, my topic on how climate change impacts people’s health outcomes is heavily connected with the sociology of emotions which applies sociological emotions and theorems to study human emotions. Through the topic above, sociologists would understand the significant factors such as climate change impacting human emotions. Also, looking at a variety of disciplines has increased the accuracy of my literature review. According to Calkins & Kelley (2007), looking at various disciplines helps one redefine their research questions following the compiled array of sources on books and journals existing, for instance, on the relationship between climate change and mental health.

 

 

 

References

Calkins, S., & Kelley, M. R. (2007). Evaluating internet and scholarly sources across the disciplines: Two case studies. College Teaching55(4), 151-156.

 

Is America living up to its foundational ideals of freedom

Is America living up to its foundational ideals of freedom? (Remember, ideals are standards of perfection or standards to strive towards.)

Write an argumentative essay in which you answer the above prompt. Be sure you choose a strong position and state a clear, specific claim. Use specific details from the texts we read and one outside source to support your claim. Fully develop your warrants by explaining how your quotes support your claim.

Essay Guidelines:

  • 2 page paper
  • MLA Format
  • 1 outside source required (This needs to be centered around a current event that supports your claim.

You can use valid news articles for this)

  • Use evidence from one of the texts we have studied this unit (DOI, Preamble & Bill of Rights,
  • Minimum of 3 quotes required
  • Works Cited page and in-text citations required

Answer

 Is America Living Up its Foundational Ideals of Freedom?

Even following the Covid-19 crisis and introducing rules such as mandatory vaccination, America still lives to its foundational ideals of freedom (Carey, 2005). Since time immemorial, the American ideal of freedom has been practicing a set of ideas such as rights, opportunity, liberty, and equality. The American ideal of freedom among them is thus linked to protecting citizens against any form of infectious diseases, among others. Via the American ideal, every citizen has a fundamental right to be protected against any form of infectious disease, which includes COVID-19 (Rossum et al., 2019). The mandatory vaccination prevents one from getting terminally ill and further protects individuals around one. This paper particularly argues that despite current COVID-19 protocols such as mask mandate in schools or mandatory vaccinations, America is living up to its foundational ideas of freedom. Among them is the fundamental right to protecting its citizens from the spread of the disease.

The Declaration of Independence and Natural Rights introduces the major components of natural rights: liberty, life, and the pursuit of happiness (Carey, 2005). The concept of life and happiness is, in most occasions, fulfilled when life is protected or saved, as further stated in some of the objectives in America’s ideal dream. Historically, one of the major measures America has introduced to protect or prevent its citizens from adverse medical situations is aligned with the current COVID-19 set regulations and rules. Among them are mandatory vaccinations and mask mandates in schools (Rossum et al., 2019). The set rules are critical as citizens in America have a fundamental right to be protected. The measures provided following Coronavirus are one way America is striving to save life and part and parcel of natural rights. Compulsory vaccination, for instance, is amongst the measures introduced to prevent life-threatening risks. The latter protects all categories of American populations, which includes vulnerable groups.

Besides, the Declaration of Independence and Natural Rights notes that despite set freedom practices for the United States of America, it is still critical to protect the citizens in vast ways possible. Coronavirus ravages fully force the U.S government to curtail citizens’ freedom of choice and movement to protect them. Combating Coronavirus not only requires mandatory vaccinations and mast mandate in schools but also requiring citizens to remain at home at certain costs and prompting social distancing (Rossum et al., 2019). The latter fulfills America’s ideal dream of fundamental rights of protection from getting or transmitting Coronavirus. Consecutively, America’s fundamental ideals are heavily fulfilled following Coronavirus protocols. The set of mandatory vaccines focuses fully on America’s principles of equality as the vaccine does not discriminate against one against age or race in addition to their socio-economic status.

On the other hand, also America is living to its foundational even with the set mandatory vaccines rules, among other standards, to protect its citizens. Even when receiving the vaccines, citizens are still enjoying their freedom of speech, which has been a significant constitutional right since time immemorial. Citizens enjoy their freedom of speech by severally highlighting the concerns linked to the incorporated vaccine. Also, through constant communication with their friends, they would address the vaccine’s impact on their lifestyle. If there are various changes, the U.S government will incorporate to reduce the latter via the ministries of health. Freedom of speech is vivid in U.S’s Article 10, which allows the U.S citizens to hold their own opinions and express them freely without any interference from the government (Rossum et al., 2019). Since the pandemic breakdown, the citizens have rampantly enjoyed their freedom of expression by expressing their views through published articles, leaflets or books, radio broadcasting, or television. Even with the Covid-19 pandemic and America’s set rules and regulations to protect its citizens, they vastly enjoy their foundational ideals of freedom, which are the paramount right to express information and ideals on both unpopular and popular topics without ant government censorship fear. Through freedom of speech, the citizens are protected from participating in all communication forms, which includes speeches of art and other media.

In conclusion, America fully lives to its foundational ideas of freedom even when faced with the deadly Coronavirus pandemic. The Declaration of Independence and Natural Rights and Bill of Rights introduces the major components citizens enjoy liberty, life, and the pursuit of happiness. The concept of life and happiness is, in most occasions, fulfilled when life is protected or saved, as further stated in some of the objectives in America’s ideal dream. Historically, one of the major measures America has introduced to protect or prevent its citizens from adverse medical situations is aligned with the current COVID-19 set regulations and rules. Among them are mandatory vaccinations and mandate masks in schools. The practices are critical for fulfilling America’s ideals of freedom. Even when receiving the vaccines, they would also Citizens are still enjoying their freedom of speech by severally highlighting the concerns linked to the incorporated vaccine.

 

References

Carey, G. W. (2005). Natural Rights, Equality, and the Declaration of Independence. Ave Maria L. Rev.3, 45.

Rossum, R. A., Tarr, G. A., & Muñoz, V. P. (2019). American constitutional law: The bill of rights and subsequent amendments. Routledge.

 

 

Health Care System of the United States of American and Japan

Instructions
Research Paper:
Compare, contrast and analyze the health care system of the United States with another industrialized nation (Japan). The paper needs to address issues such as cost, access for all individuals, life expectance and general health status of individuals living in both countries.  Include strengths and weakness of both health care systems.  Finally, summarize your findings with suggestions for improving both health care system based on your research. You will need post a power point presentation outlining the comparison of the two health care systems.  A minimum of 6 resources must be utilized (excluding your text) for this paper.   The paper should be 10-12 pages in length, double spaced and APA style

 Answer 

 

Health Care System of the United States of American and Japan

Introduction

The United States and Japan are among the most ranked healthcare systems based on their top-notch performances (Dutta et al., 2020). The two nations’ health care systems focus on improving the health of the population. Indeed, the two nations’ strategies other than enhancing their citizens’ population reduce the chances of health inequalities and further secures the population’s respondent needs. Correspondingly, the U.S.A and Japan’s healthcare systems focus on respecting the patient’s autonomy to make their choices and preserve their confidentiality. Besides, the U.S.A and Japan’s governments, via ministries of health and other related agencies, play an essential role in health development via strengthening human generation, healthcare systems, and financial resources (Jee & Kim, 2013). This paper other than addressing issues such as cost, access for all individual, life expectance and general health status of individuals living in Japan and U.S.A further provide the weaknesses and strengths of both healthcare systems. Also, it summarizes the research findings for improving both the health care system in U.S.A and Japan.

Health Care System Cost

U.S.A

According to information provided by the International Insurance of America, visitors to American are severely cautioned on purchasing a healthcare insurance plan before they visit U.S.A (LiPuma & Robichaud, 2020). In most situations, the tales are narrated by the United States of American personnel arguing that healthcare in the U.S.A is extra costly. In the United States, services range depending on the kind of department and rooms the patients visit. For instance, if one becomes ill and urgently needs emergency care, the healthcare cost starts adding up adhesively as services ranging from ambulance provision adds to $400. Additionally, if a test is required, the individual pays between $100 and $500 and, if they also need to spend a night in the hospital, they pay $5,000 (LiPuma & Robichaud, 2020). Besides, with medications to treat illness, the cost of the emergency room and the vast visits the authors above argue that it adds to $6,000 and more (Plan et al., 2021). On the other hand, a visit to a doctor in the United States is relatively affordable, as noted by the authors mentioned above. However, on daily visits, the patient will provide an additional cost of $150 for a consultation, and if they need a specialist, the latter adds to $250 for consultation.

Indeed, healthcare costs in the USA are very costly. Whether one is a traveler or a local, the services provided are expensive. Besides, the information provided by the USA today argues that a family of four standard health plans totals $28,166 and is heavily felt by an ordinary person residing in the city (LiPuma & Robichaud, 2020). Additionally, the USA’s healthcare deductible and premiums are growing faster as opposed to the other incomes. Between 2011 and 2016, according to information provided by USA Today, the charges increased by 63% (Plan et al., 2021). The majority of the factors contributing to expensive healthcare costs in the USA, according to Plan et al. (2021), are based on the bottom line donates linked to diagnostic and hospital services such as MRI costing $1,430, angioplasty; $32,200, and immediate surgery; $15,200.

Japan

In Japan, the health insurance average cost is 34-40,000 JPY per month, equivalent to 330-370 USD (Dutta et al., 2020). Additionally, Japan’s health care system incorporates employment-based health insurance, a delivery system, and free consumer choice on physicians. Medical cost in Japan is meager compared to America which further fulfills the healthcare needs of its consumers. One of the reasons behind Japan’s low healthcare cost is the basic structure of its health care system. The strategy helps it constrain its vast expenditures. Also, Japan incorporates an attractive span of healthcare policies and clinical medicine. Japan health care system, according to Dutta et al. (2020), provides costs for its rendered services which are prenatal care, screening examinations, and infectious disease control, which allows Japanese patients to only take care of 30% of the total cost, whereas the government at large provides for the remaining 70%.

Personal medical services payment services for Japanese are offered vastly by Japan’s Universal Health Care Insurance System. Citizens, as a result, are provided with access equality. All Japanese are expected to have health insurance coverage, with those without insurance required to fully participate in the national health insurance program regulated by the local government (Sakamoto et al., 2018). On the other hand, to keep medical services affordable for all citizens, the government regulated set medical fees based on the family’s insured age, income, and patient’s responsibility (Jee & Kim, 2013). Indeed, the medical cost in Japan has been regulated by the government for decades to make it affordable for all citizens. To entirely cut the cost of medical provisions and services, Japan uses generic drugs as of 2010 with the list of drugs presented to the National Health Insurance listing.

Access to Healthcare Services

U.S.A

In the United States of America, every individual can access healthcare services and provisions. The provided healthcare coverage in the U.S.A is built on the foundation of longitudinal and comprehensive primary care (Stoicea et al., 2019). Besides, based on information presented by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act U.S.A has rampantly extended its access to affordable health care coverage to its million citizens (LiPuma & Robichaud, 2020). The significant gains of the act have increased more in vulnerable groups, which include women and girls. The action ensures that all citizens in the U.S.A benefit from set essential health benefits to moving into a more productive society. To make the healthcare services accessible to all U.S.A citizens, the government pays attention to social determinants propounding outcomes to population and individual health.

Also, the nation re-emphasizes the primary care centrality and further reinvigorating primary care infrastructure in the premise. Correspondingly, for every individual to access healthcare services, the United States of America provides comprehensive, advanced primary care for its individuals who include the elderly, children, adults, and youths (Plan et al., 2021). It is an effective model prompting the patient-healthcare provider relationship when receiving comprehensive care. Indeed, everyone in the United States of America has affordable health care coverage, which guarantees all individuals equal access to evidence-based and age-appropriate health care services (LiPuma & Robichaud, 2020). Regardless of their ethical background, everyone receives primary care, though it is critical to understand that healthcare system access in the U.S.A is particularly in private hands.  The U.S.A healthcare system is not uniform since it has no universal healthcare coverage.

Japan

In Japan, access to individual healthcare is incorporated similarly to the U.S.A via private or public hospitals. Additionally, regardless of geographic factors, patients have universal access to any healthcare facility (Jee & Kim, 2013). Though, in Japan, universal access to medical premises has been abused severally. Based on the information provided by the World Health Organization, Japanese patients with mild illnesses will go straight to the nation’s emergency departments instead of accessing more effective primary care services (Dutta et al., 2020).  The latter necessitates the delay of patients with severe conditions or urgent care from receiving critical care. Also, universal access to healthcare systems in Japan has prompted ambulance services misuse. Patients with minor issues continuously take ambulances to the hospital, which further causes the delay of ambulances required for adverse emergencies. World Health Organization notes that in 2017, for instance, nearly 50% of the ambulance rides in Japan’s health care systems were minor conditions (Dutta et al., 2020). On the other hand, the consistently large number of patients visiting public and private hospitals for minor obstacles have created medical resources shortages in Japan. Specifically, in Tokyo, several patients with severe conditions argue that the congestion of people in medical centers creates a shortage of medical resources. Despite the challenges, however, Japan’s healthcare services provide freely for all Japanese citizens, foreigners, and expatriates. Japan’s medical treatment is delivered via universal health care. The healthcare systems are available for all Japanese and non-Japanese citizens, having stayed in Japan for more than a year.

Life Expectancy

U.S.A

In the United States of America, the average life expectancy has dropped adversely by 2020. Based on the information provided by the National Center for Health Statistics and published on the site of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the total U.S population life expectancy at birth in 2020 was 77.8 years (LiPuma & Robichaud, 2020). According to LiPuma & Robichaud (2020), it is a drop of 1 year from 2019’s report {78.8} and that of males; the life expectancy at birth was 75.1, a decline of 1.2 years from 2019.

The Coronavirus pandemic caused a decrease in U.S.A’s life expectancy in January-June 2020. On the other hand, the United States of America’s female life expectancy dropped to 80.5 years, a drop of 0.9 years from the 2019 report (Plan et al., 2021). The decline in life expectancy is based on one critical factor, COVID-19. An additional factor is based on the drug overdose surge deaths. The drop in life expectancy is mainly among the Hispanic {-1.9}, White {-0.8} and Black {-2.7} years (LiPuma & Robichaud, 2020). Additionally, the drop in life expectancy has heavily been witnessed among the Hispanic and Black males who, following the COVID-19 pandemic, have indicated disappropriate death rates.

Japan

Japan’s life expectancy as of the 2019 report provided by the World Health Organization is 84.36 years. The life expectancy in Japan is very high (Sakamoto et al., 2018). One of the reasons is the fewer death cases reported from specific conditions: cancers and health diseases. The latter is also linked to fewer deaths from ischemic heart disease, which involves myocardial infarction. Dutta et al. (2020) note that Japanese women’s life expectancy is 87.1 years, whereas men’s is 81.1 years.

In Japan, the lower cases of cancers and ischemic health disease have resulted in low mortality consecutively attributed to low red meat consumption and high consumption of plant and fish foods, including tea and soybeans. Also, in Japan, there is a low rate of obesity among women, 3.7%, and men, 4.8 % (Jee & Kim, 2013). The latter is linked to their consumption rates which mainly focus on plant foods and fish, dairy and bread, animal foods and oils, increase their high life expectancy rates.

General Health Status of an Individual; Infant Mortality, Circulatory deaths, and Unintentional Injury Deaths

U.S.A

Also, the organization mentioned above highlights the significant causes of infant mortality rates. Infant mortality rates in the U.S.A are 5.6 deaths per 1,000 live births (LiPuma & Robichaud, 2020). Based on the information provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, infant mortality rates are deaths of infants before their first birthday. They are congenital disabilities, pre-term birth, injuries such as suffocation, sudden infant death syndrome, and maternal pregnancy complications. The cases in the U.S.A are high among Non-Hispanic Black, Native Hawaiian, American Indians, and Asians.

On the other hand, the leading cause of circulatory deaths in the U.S.A is heart disease. In the nation, for every thirty-six seconds, a person dies of cardiovascular disease. Each year, the approximation of persons dying from heart disease is 659,000 (LiPuma & Robichaud, 2020). In terms of unintentional injury deaths, in the United States, it is the third leading cause of death. It accounts for 6% of the U.S’s deaths, amounting to 167,127 individuals (Stoicea et al., 2019). The highest rate of unintentional injuries is vast among the elderly.

Japan

In Japan, unintentional injury deaths erupt from accidental poisoning and motor vehicle incidences such as drug overdoses, traffic, falls, and drowning. It is the fourth leading cause of death in Japan after coronary heart disease, pneumonia, influenza, and stroke (Sakamoto et al., 2018). On the other hand, Japan’s circulatory deaths arise from heart failure. In Japan, heart failure is witnessed per one hundred thousand populations. Circulatory deaths have been rampant in Japan as of 2019, totaling 207.7 thousand cases and one to two million persons every year (Jee & Kim, 2013). Also, infant mortality in Japan amounts to about 1.8 deaths per 1 000 live births (Dutta et al., 2020). Two of the primary reasons Japan has the lowest infant mortality rate are linked to its universal use of the maternal-child health handbook and universal access to care.

Weaknesses and Strengths in the U.S.A and Japan’s Health Care Systems

Strengths

The United States health care system is built on a bedrock of equitable access to care. Besides fulfilling the citizens’ wishes, the U.S.A government actively participates in inadequate health care resources supply (LiPuma & Robichaud, 2020). On the other hand, also, the patients receive limited insurance coverage and a minimal waiting list for vast procedures. Additionally, the hospital ensures that healthcare services and provisions rely on efficiency and fairness (Plan et al., 2021).

Japan also has significant strengths in its health care system. It operates on the non-profit business model. According to the national law, the latter requires physicians to be responsible for healthcare management (Sakamoto et al., 2018). Additionally, Japan’s health care system functions via a universal care system. The latter is effective to Japanese and Non-Japanese citizens, and in the process also, the citizens receive free care for various services. Among the free services is the free screening process critical for regulating infectious illnesses and prenatal care. Additionally, the health care system insists that patients applying dialysis and based in Japan have a paramount and longer life expectancy. Besides, in a comparison between the United States and Japanese healthcare system noted that patient with kidney failure has higher life expectancy rate {59%} after five years as opposed to United States {38%} (Jee & Kim, 2013). This is because the national law in Japan forces healthcare to provide the same care standards for all patients.

Weaknesses

In Japan’s health care system, every person pays taxes. While receiving healthcare insurance, individuals’ respective companies withhold their taxes amounting to the set national health insurance system (Jee & Kim, 2013). Additionally, the Japanese health care systems have indicated vast language barriers. The non-Japanese citizens’ population is growing rampantly. The latter is based on cases such as vocational opportunities and educational expansion. Anyone failing to speak Japanese is expected to visit the doctor with a translator or interpreter (Dutta et al., 2020). Also, some experts have argued that Japan’s health care system fails to encourage effective health practices. It is one of the common challenges linked to universal care limiting financial incentives. Additionally, the Japanese healthcare system is well behind in respect to global standards. Most hospitals, despite recent reformation, have outdated control methods.

Based on the information provided by the Common Wealth Fund’s health, U.S.A’s health care system is underperforming primary care (Plan et al., 2021).  IN ITS SENTIMENTS, the U.S.A has a very disorganized, inefficient, fragmented, and under-resourced primary care system. The latter is vivid with primary care physicians’ struggling to receive critical clinical details from hospitals and specialists. It complicates the capacity to provide coordinated and seamless care among patients. Also, U.S.A’s health care system is costly (LiPuma & Robichaud, 2020). People spend more money on health care instead of other necessities limiting their survival and additional life fulfillment.

Summary and Recommendations

In conclusion, healthcare costs in the USA are very costly. Whether one is a traveler or a local, the services provided are expensive. Besides, the information provided by the USA today argues that a family of four standard health plans totals $28,166 and is heavily felt by an ordinary person residing in the city. Additionally, the USA’s healthcare deductible and premiums are growing faster as opposed to the other incomes. Between 2011 and 2016, according to information provided by USA Today noted that the charges increased by 63%. The majority of the factors contributing to expensive healthcare costs in the USA are based on the bottom line contributes linked to diagnostic and hospital services such as MRI costing $1,430, angioplasty; $32,200 and immediate surgery; $15,200. Japan’s health insurance average, on the other hand, the cost is 34-40,000 JPY per month, equivalent to 330-370 USD. Additionally, Japan’s health care system incorporates employment-based health insurance, a delivery system, and free consumer choice on physicians. Medical cost in Japan is meager compared to America which further fulfills the healthcare needs of its consumers. One of the reasons behind Japan’s low healthcare cost is the basic structure of its health care system.

On the other hand, based on the research findings, the U.S.A’s healthcare system is costly and lacks a vital framework for primary care and universal health coverage. Therefore fundamental changes are required to shift U.S’s health care system direction. The approach must cover all citizens and also emphasize coordinated and comprehensive primary care. Fulfilling primary care in the U.S. also means setting more significant investments in primary care. Besides fully supporting primary care, they will also sustain its delivery processes and necessitate its fundamental infrastructure. On the other hand, Japan’s health care system is fragmented, and its accreditation standards are feeble. Therefore, its political regime must set critical features vital for tacking its challenges ranging from supply, funding, quality, and demand. For instance, it should introduce a standardized national system for accrediting and training specialists.

 

 

References

Dutta, B., Huys, I., Vulto, A. G., & Simoens, S. (2020). Identifying key benefits in European off-patent biologics and biosimilar markets: it is not only about price!. BioDrugs34(2), 159-170.

Jee, K., & Kim, G. H. (2013). Potentiality of big data in the medical sector: focus on how to reshape the healthcare system. Healthcare informatics research19(2), 79-85.

LiPuma, S. H., & Robichaud, A. L. (2020). Deliver us from injustice: Reforming the US healthcare system. Journal of bioethical inquiry, 1-14.

US Healthcare System Overview-References. Plan, S., Roundtable, P. R., Advancing, H. E. O. R., & Framework, H. C. (2021). Signal, 05.

Sakamoto, H., Rahman, M., Nomura, S., Okamoto, E., Koike, S., Yasunaga, H., … & Ghaznavi, C. (2018). Japan health system review.

Stoicea, N., Costa, A., Periel, L., Uribe, A., Weaver, T., & Bergese, S. D. (2019). Current perspectives on the opioid crisis in the US healthcare system: a comprehensive literature review. Medicine98(20).