Respond to at least one peer by supporting agreement or polite disagreement and adding additional information and ideas to further the discussion.( write me up a paragraph responding to this post below ). Discuss how threatening the farmers perceive skin cancer to be (i.e., what are their views on the severity/seriousness of skin cancer, their own vulnerability to it, and the rewards associated with their behavior)? Most farmers do not consider themselves susceptible to the complications arising from solar radiation and skin cancer. Most of them can do their daily farming practices effectively without covering their head. Besides, some farmers agree that using sunscreen has no impact on skin cancer penetration and relatives mock them when they use sunscreen (Jafar et al., 2013). Only a small proportion of farmers believe that they have no problem with using protective cloths. The rewards for failure to put show preventative and protected behavior is associated with average level rewards. The majority of the farmers argued that avoiding using clothing and protective covering enabled them to look good, convenient, and more focused on completing their tasks. Thus, perceived susceptibility should be made a priority while developing education intervention for farmers. Now, use the farmers’ coping appraisal to explain their skin cancer protective behaviors. The study’s findings reveal a negative correlation between sun-protective behaviors and costs. Farmers that perceive higher response costs to a sun-protective behavior may be less likely to exhibit that behavior. The coping appraisal of the farmers will be to use cloths instead of sunscreen. However, the clothes leave the farmers susceptible to skin cancer because they do not block out rays. 67% of the farmers agreed that using sunscreen does not protect them against skin cancer (Babazadeh et al., 2016). Also, their relatives made fun of them concerning the cost of the sunscreens. Income status and educational levels play a significant role in the coping appraisal of the farmers. Farmers with better income statues used sunscreens than those with low incomes. Besides, farmers with elementary education levels used less hat than those with a better education. Based on the PMT constructs of threat and coping appraisal, analyze what suggestions the authors made regarding the focus of the interventions to reduce skin cancer. The authors suggest that an educational program is an effective tool for increasing perceived susceptibility among rural farmers. After the introduction of educational interventional to the rural farmers, they became more aware that they are vulnerable to skin cancer (Hayden, 2019). Perceived susceptibility is a psychosocial predictor that impacts conducting skin cancer preventive behaviors. It is essential to educate farmers concerning their vulnerability to skin cancer. The implementation of theory-based intervention can enhance the perceived susceptibility of the farmers concerning skin behaviors that prevent skin cancer. Besides, enhancing the economic situation reduces the perceived barrier among farmers to practice economy-based preventive behaviors. These can motivate rural farmers to perform cancer protective behaviors after realizing that their exposure to sunlight is a health hazard. Assess what ways, if any, were your threat and/or coping appraisal responses the same as those of the farmers? Do you think the suggested intervention foci would be effective? My threat and coping appraisal response was the same as those of farmers when I had little knowledge concerning sun and skin cancer. I never enjoyed basking in the sun for a long time to get a tan. However, I do enjoy outdoor activities like cross country, skiing, biking, and running. I thought that skin cancer was something that occurs after many years of excessive tanning. I was very ignorant concerning the dangers of UV radiation because I frequently went outdoors without sunscreen. In 2013, my cousin was diagnosed with malignant melanoma on her left thigh. I learned that I did not have enough knowledge concerning the dangers of sun and skin cancer. I spent several months researching from books and the internet on the dangers of sun rays and established that exposure to the sun without protective cloths can cause skin cancer. Every time I go for my outdoor activities, I always have sun-protective clothing. I have more than 20 baseball caps that I use for biking. With educational intervention, I have enhanced my perceived threat and susceptibility over the years. Besides, my perceived benefits of using sun-protective clothes have increased. Based on my knowledge of sun and skin cancer, I think that the intervention foci that Hayden (2019) suggests will be more effective. References Babazadeh, T., Kamran, A., Dargahi, A., Moradi, F., Shariat, F., & Moghaddam, H. R. (2016). Skin cancer preventive behaviors among rural farmers: An intervention based on protection motivation theory. Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 30, 444. Hayden, J. (2019). Introduction to health behavior theory (3rd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Jafar, T., Mohtasham, G., & Reza M, R. (2013). Threat appraisal for skin cancer among rural farmers in Ilam, Iran. Iranian Journal of Dermatology, 16(4), 121-127.

Respond to at least one peer by supporting agreement or polite disagreement and adding additional information and ideas to further the discussion.( write me up a paragraph responding to this post below ).

Discuss how threatening the farmers perceive skin cancer to be (i.e., what are their views on the severity/seriousness of skin cancer, their own vulnerability to it, and the rewards associated with their behavior)?

Most farmers do not consider themselves susceptible to the complications arising from solar radiation and skin cancer. Most of them can do their daily farming practices effectively without covering their head. Besides, some farmers agree that using sunscreen has no impact on skin cancer penetration and relatives mock them when they use sunscreen (Jafar et al., 2013). Only a small proportion of farmers believe that they have no problem with using protective cloths. The rewards for failure to put show preventative and protected behavior is associated with average level rewards. The majority of the farmers argued that avoiding using clothing and protective covering enabled them to look good, convenient, and more focused on completing their tasks. Thus, perceived susceptibility should be made a priority while developing education intervention for farmers.

Now, use the farmers’ coping appraisal to explain their skin cancer protective behaviors.

The study’s findings reveal a negative correlation between sun-protective behaviors and costs. Farmers that perceive higher response costs to a sun-protective behavior may be less likely to exhibit that behavior. The coping appraisal of the farmers will be to use cloths instead of sunscreen. However, the clothes leave the farmers susceptible to skin cancer because they do not block out rays. 67% of the farmers agreed that using sunscreen does not protect them against skin cancer (Babazadeh et al., 2016). Also, their relatives made fun of them concerning the cost of the sunscreens. Income status and educational levels play a significant role in the coping appraisal of the farmers. Farmers with better income statues used sunscreens than those with low incomes. Besides, farmers with elementary education levels used less hat than those with a better education.

Based on the PMT constructs of threat and coping appraisal, analyze what suggestions the authors made regarding the focus of the interventions to reduce skin cancer.

The authors suggest that an educational program is an effective tool for increasing perceived susceptibility among rural farmers. After the introduction of educational interventional to the rural farmers, they became more aware that they are vulnerable to skin cancer (Hayden, 2019). Perceived susceptibility is a psychosocial predictor that impacts conducting skin cancer preventive behaviors. It is essential to educate farmers concerning their vulnerability to skin cancer. The implementation of theory-based intervention can enhance the perceived susceptibility of the farmers concerning skin behaviors that prevent skin cancer. Besides, enhancing the economic situation reduces the perceived barrier among farmers to practice economy-based preventive behaviors. These can motivate rural farmers to perform cancer protective behaviors after realizing that their exposure to sunlight is a health hazard.

Assess what ways, if any, were your threat and/or coping appraisal responses the same as those of the farmers? Do you think the suggested intervention foci would be effective?

My threat and coping appraisal response was the same as those of farmers when I had little knowledge concerning sun and skin cancer. I never enjoyed basking in the sun for a long time to get a tan. However, I do enjoy outdoor activities like cross country, skiing, biking, and running. I thought that skin cancer was something that occurs after many years of excessive tanning. I was very ignorant concerning the dangers of UV radiation because I frequently went outdoors without sunscreen. In 2013, my cousin was diagnosed with malignant melanoma on her left thigh. I learned that I did not have enough knowledge concerning the dangers of sun and skin cancer. I spent several months researching from books and the internet on the dangers of sun rays and established that exposure to the sun without protective cloths can cause skin cancer. Every time I go for my outdoor activities, I always have sun-protective clothing. I have more than 20 baseball caps that I use for biking. With educational intervention, I have enhanced my perceived threat and susceptibility over the years. Besides, my perceived benefits of using sun-protective clothes have increased.  Based on my knowledge of sun and skin cancer, I think that the intervention foci that Hayden (2019) suggests will be more effective.

References

Babazadeh, T., Kamran, A., Dargahi, A., Moradi, F., Shariat, F., & Moghaddam, H. R. (2016). Skin cancer preventive behaviors among rural farmers: An intervention based on protection motivation theory. Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 30, 444.

Hayden, J. (2019). Introduction to health behavior theory (3rd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Jafar, T., Mohtasham, G., & Reza M, R. (2013). Threat appraisal for skin cancer among rural farmers in Ilam, Iran. Iranian Journal of Dermatology, 16(4), 121-127.

(Please answer this question by referring to the resource post below )

(I truly enjoyed reading your discussion post. It was well-written and very informative.  It is estimated that roughly 12 million Americans lost their health insurance in 2020, due to the pandemic .  Because many people were laid off due to Covid-19, do you think the government will consider another health system transformation? Also, what type of changes/ transformations should be made? How do you think the loss in insurance will impact the health of the population? )

{Resource post }

The health insurance system ceased to work for Joanna and her son because she is now unemployed and works a freelance job. Because she lost her job, she is now unable to receive healthcare benefits from an employer-sponsored healthcare plan. Post WWII, there was rapid growth in employer-sponsored healthcare plans, making government-sponsored plans a subordinate insurance option (Wilensky, S & Teitelbaum, J, 2020). Although subordinate, Joanna and her son would be able to apply for government assistance through Obamacare, or the Affordable Care Act (ACA) since she still would have some income from her government job. Under the ACA, Joanna and her son would have access to “free preventive care”, access to insurance plans despite their pre-existing condition, and support with applying for Medicaid if necessary (U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services).

Health system transformation in the U.S. would help Joanna and her son if it switched to a universal healthcare coverage model for all. This government-sponsored healthcare system would ensure that Joanna and her son, among millions of others who lose their jobs and employer-sponsored insurance plans, would have adequate insurance coverage. One of the drawbacks to having employer-sponsored health insurance protection is that, in the case someone were to lose their job like in Joanna’s case, they would be completely uncovered. The silver lining for Joanna and her son, in this case, is that because of the HIPAA (1996), Joanna and her son could not be discriminated against providing private coverage, should she seek it, because of her and her son’s preexisting condition, diabetes. The HIPAA act states that “The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) includes an important protection for consumers by prohibiting group health plans from excluding or limiting otherwise qualified individuals due to preexisting conditions” (Wilensky, S & Teitelbaum, J, 2020). While this protection does exist for Joanna and her son, more is needed to ensure that she can afford the necessary

In supporting health system transformation, public health’s role is to ensure that all Americans are able to live a healthy lifestyle. In this regard, public health operates as part of the larger health system as it works to “[protect] and [improve] the health of people and their communities” (Buchdahl, Monroe, Waddell, & Strunz, N.D.). According to Wilensky and Titelbaum, “policymakers must also know how providers, suppliers, employers, states, and others respond to changes in the health insurance market” (2020), which I’d argue is the role of anyone who works within public health and their obligation to the American public.

References

Buchdahl, H., Monroe, J., Waddell, L., & Strunz, E. (n.d.). What is Public Health? Retrieved December 31, 2020, from https://www.cdcfoundation.org/what-public-health

Teitelbaum, J. B., & Wilensky, S. E. (2020). Essentials of health policy and law (3rd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.  Affordable Care Act (ACA) – HealthCare.gov Glossary. (n.d.). Retrieved December 31, 2020, from https://www.healthcare.gov/glossary/affordable-care-act/

Application Assignment: Cooperate. Collaborate. Connect.

NGOs and other governmental organizations often work side by side on the same problem.

To prepare:

Explore the web pages of the organizations provided in your Learning Resources this week to learn about the work they are doing. Look for one health issue that you can see in both the NGOs and other governmental organizations for this Assignment.

By Day 7

Write a 2- to 3-page paper that both summarizes and compares the roles and functions of one governmental and one non-governmental health organization, public or global, for a specific health issue of your choice. Be sure that your summary includes information about the following:

• Where are the organizations’ headquarters located?
• What is the mission or purpose of these organizations?
• What populations do they serve and what do they do?
• How are the organizations funded? Are they part of a larger public health infrastructure?
• Do these organizations mention collaboration with any other agencies or organizations?
• Are there any major public health issues these organizations are currently focusing on?
• What might be some ethical issues that are related to the mission of these organizations? (If the organizations have a code of conduct or ethics statement, provide a brief summary in your description).
• Summarize what you learned in researching these organizations: What were the most interesting things you learned in this application? How are the organizations you selected similar or different?

Conducting an Assessment

Briefly describe the past experiences you had with conducting assessments or SWOT analyses. If you had the luxury of time and resources, what other assessments would you use? What ethical and legal implications might you consider when conducting assessments? Describe the types of data that are useful for assessing public health issues and problems.

As a reminder, all postings should be supported with peer-reviewed articles and other credible sources.