Practicing Leadership: Principles and Applications
Chapter 6: Psychology II: Communication and Motivation
Practicing Leadership: Principles and Applications
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Chapter 6: Communication and Motivation
ERG Theory
Chapter 6: Communication and Motivation
Reinforcement Theory
Reinforcement theory: A motivation model that argues that behavior can be shaped by controlling the consequences of that behavior.
Three Types:
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Social Learning Theory
Classical Conditioning
Chapter 6: Communication and Motivation
Herzberg’s Dual Factor Theory
| Hygiene Factors | Motivational Factors |
| Absence of job security, quality of supervision, interpersonal relationships, working conditions, or adequacy of pay and fringe benefits. | Opportunity for achievement and advancement, responsibility, job challenge, and recognition, |
McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
| Theory X Leaders and Managers believe: | Theory Y Leaders and Managers believe: |
| People inherently dislike work and will try to avoid it. | People can view work as an activity as natural as rest or play. |
| People must be coerced, controlled, or threatened with punishment to achieve goals. | People will exercise self-direction and self-control if they are committed to the objectives of the task. |
| People will avoid responsibilities and seek formal direction whenever possible. | The average person can learn to accept and even seek responsibility. |
| Most people place security above all other factors associated with work and will display little ambition. | The ability to make innovative decisions is widely dispersed throughout the general population and is not necessarily the sole province of those in management positions. |
McClellan’s Trichotomy of Needs
Power Motivation
Drive and Achievement Motivation
Need for Affiliation
Every leader is on a continuum for each need
Low High
Equity Theory
Chapter 6: Communication and Motivation
Expectancy Theory
Chapter 6: Communication and Motivation
Communication
Transactional Communication: the idea that all communication involves a sender and a receiver. Both the sender and the receiver determine the meaning of the communication that has taken place.
Channel
Encoding and Decoding
Filters
Sets
Interference
Types of Communications
Verbal versus nonverbal communication
Intentional versus unintentional communication
Formal versus informal communication
Upward versus downward versus lateral communication
Chapter 6: Communication and Motivation
Interpersonal Communication Process
Chapter 6: Communication and Motivation
Directions of Communications
Chapter 6: Communication and Motivation
Factors Leading to Breakdowns in Communication
Differing frames of reference
Selective perception
Semantic problems
Filtering
Constraints on time
Communication overload
Chapter 6: Communication and Motivation
Improving Communication
Using descriptive, as opposed to evaluative, speech
Taking a collaborative approach to problem-solving
Communicating with spontaneity, rather than from hidden strategies or agenda
Demonstrating empathy
Promoting equality across and within levels of an organization
Trying to hear all sides of a debate rather than simply sticking to one’s own agenda
Questions for Discussion and Review
What distinguishes Alderfer’s ERG theory from Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
What does Alderfer consider to be the primary human needs?
What are some of the distinctions between Theory X and Theory Y leaders? Do you know anyone who meets the criteria for either of these styles?
What is the primary difference between personalized and socialized power drives?
Is equity theory based on objective data or perceptions?
According to Vroom’s expectancy theory, what three components influence motivation?
Compare and contrast Bandura’s social learning theory with Skinner’s operant conditioning theory and Pavlov’s classical conditioning theory.
Questions for Discussion and Review
Describe how communication is a transactional process. What are the steps within this process?
What are some examples of communication sets?
Describe three situations where interference has impeded communication.
Describe three situations where nonverbal signals can alter the meaning of a verbal communication.
What is the primary distinction between upward, downward, and lateral communication?
How is active listening different from hearing?
What are some of the main factors which can lead to a breakdown in communication?
What are some of the characteristics of a supportive communicative climate?
